TEST BANK for Sociology in Action A Canadian Perspective 4th Edition by Bereska Tami and Symbaluk Diane.

TEST BANK for Sociology in Action: A Canadian Perspective 4th Edition by Bereska Tami and Symbaluk Diane. Chapter 1 1. Chapter 01-001 According to the textbook authors, we might better understand who becomes a professional hockey player by applying ideas developed by which of the following? a. Karl Marx b. Emile Durkheim *c. Max Weber d. Auguste Comte 2. Chapter 01-002 According to the textbook authors, what is the relationship between unemployment and postsecondary education? a. As unemployment increases, postsecondary enrolments decrease. *b. As unemployment increases, postsecondary enrolments increase. c. Unemployment and postsecondary unemployment are essentially unrelated. d. As unemployment decreases, postsecondary enrolments also decrease. 3. Chapter 01-003 "Expectations regarding how we are supposed to act" defines which of the following? a. values b. functionality *c. norms d. cultural facts 4. Chapter 01-004 It can be argued that the so-called hook-up culture found on the modern university or college campus results from a variety of social factors of which the individuals involved might not even be aware. When we make this statement, what kind of sociology are we practising? *a. seeing the strange in the familiar b. seeing the particular in the general c. employing social facts d. recognising the irrelevance of free will 5. Chapter 01-005 According to sociologists, why do some individuals seem to have more resources and face fewer challenges when considering postsecondary education? a. Some universities will only admit students above a particular income level. b. Some individuals make poor choices and have no self-control in their youth. *c. Some individuals experience several coinciding larger social factors that may limit their choices. d. Some individuals don't have the inner resources to overcome life's challenges. 6. Chapter 01-006 In Canada today, how is postsecondary education most commonly viewed? *a. normative b. renormative c. dysfunctional d. functionally required 7. Chapter 01-007 Once Ruth got married, she quit her job, had two children, and stayed at home to raise them. Although Ruth had wanted to be a doctor, raising her children was what her family and friends expected her to do. What kind of influence on her actions was Ruth's decision to follow "expected path"? a. micro-level *b. macro-level c. global d. functional 8. Chapter 01-008 Which term refers to the level of broad social forces? a. micro level *b. macro level c. sociological level d. public level 9. Chapter 01-009 How might a sociologist best understand a situation in which someone adopts a fashion trend that is being widely shared by others in society? a. an example of network diffusion b. the familiar in the strange *c. the strange in the familiar d. decorative diffusion 10. Chapter 01-010 Charles is supposed to drive his friends to school for an important examination. However, no matter how much he tries, Charles cannot start his car. In anger he tells his friends that his car is doing this on purpose. What quality is Charles attributing to his car? a. directionality *b. agency c. micro tendencies d. non-operationality 11. Chapter 01-011 What does it mean when sociologists refer to agency? *a. the ability to make choices b. the ability to connect to a broad web of social services c. the ability to influence others d. the ability to interact effectively with a bureaucracy such as the university 12. Chapter 01-012 Factors such as social stratification, inequality, race, ethnicity, and gender affect opportunities available to a person. What label did Max Weber give to these factors? *a. life chances b. individual opportunities c. life opportunities d. individual chances 13. Chapter 01-013 According to Max Weber, the ways in which our opportunities in life are affected by factors such as race, ethnicity, and gender is summarized by which of the following? a. stratified outcomes *b. life chances c. proletarian deprivation d. lifestyle competition 14. Chapter 01-014 Which of the following is most correct? a. Micro-sociological factors exert influence at the macro-sociological level. b. Macro-sociological factors exert influence at the micro-sociological level. *c. Micro and macro factors may be said to influence each other. d. Micro and macro factors are influential in mutually distinct ways. 15. Chapter 01-015 Which term best describes the relationship between the macro and micro level? a. unidirectional *b. bidirectional c. multidirectional d. nondirectional 16. Chapter 01-016 Which of the following best describes the term "life chances"? a. the probability of surviving a natural disaster *b. the opportunities in life resulting from patterns of stratification and inequality c. the ways in which what one achieves in life is a product of personal will and ambition d. the idea that luck has important sociological dimensions 17. Chapter 01-017 In Canada, how is the decision to attend university perceived? a. It is not considered normative. b. It is no longer affected by life chances. *c. It is, in one sense, an indirect product of the decisions made by so many married mothers to enter the work force in the 1960s and 1970s. d. It is rarely based on financial considerations. 18. Chapter 01-018 According to the textbook authors, what is the essence of the sociological perspective? a. the use of statistics to chart social change b. the promotion of the functional c. the desire to promote change at the micro level *d. the use of a sociological imagination 19. Chapter 01-019 Which statement best describes the relationship between micro and macro levels of explanation? a. Macro questions are the appropriate subject matter of sociology while micro questions are not. b. Micro questions tend to be more important than macro questions. c. Micro questions often require macro answers. *d. Individual experiences which occur at the micro level are intricately connected to broader social forces at the macro level. 20. Chapter 01-020 According to C. Wright Mills, who should use the sociological imagination? a. psychologists b. social psychologists c. professional sociologists only *d. everyone 21. Chapter 01-021 According to C. Wright Mills, what do sociologists try to do? a. They try to relate individual troubles to higher individual-level factors. b. They try to understand individual troubles in a comparative way. *c. They try to relate private troubles to public issues d. They try to understand individual troubles in an interdisciplinary way. 22. Chapter 01-022 Which term best describes the ability of a person to grasp the connection between society and self? *a. sociological imagination b. social evolution c. sociological revelation d. structural integration 23. Chapter 01-023 Which of the following helps us to understand that things are not always what they seem to be? a. the sociological you b. the sociological problematic c. the sociological paradox *d. the sociological imagination 24. Chapter 01-024 Why would social services workers benefit from a degree in sociology? a. They need to understand how to work with marginalised individuals. b. A university degree in at least one social science is necessary for the position. c. They develop social service programs. *d. They deal with both personal and social problems. 25. Chapter 01-025 According to C. Wright Mills, the sociological imagination encourages the exploration of which of the following with respect to unemployment? a. the reasons for individual unemployment b. how the unemployment of individuals affects society in dysfunctional ways c. why unemployment rates have more to do with the imagination of the record-keepers than with the facts *d. the link between unemployment as an individual problem and unemployment as a societal problem 26. Chapter 01-026 Why do some people use the phrase "commit sociology"? a. It is often used by researchers to describe their procedures. *b. They mean to discourage an examination of the root causes of serious social problems. c. It is used to reference to C. Wright Mills, who first used it to describe sociologists feeling about the sociological imagination. d. It is used as a way of acknowledging the contributions of Max Weber because he was the first to use the phrase. 27. Chapter 01-027 When the sociological imagination is employed, we are encouraged to see a link between which pair of concepts? *a. biography and history b. anomie and life chances c. significant and generalised others d. normative and non-normative behaviour 28. Chapter 01-028 According to C. Wright Mills, which of the following is true with respect to the sociological imagination? a. It is best thought of really just an intellectual exercise. b. When used by itself, it lacks any real explanatory power. c. It provides a poor guide for the development of social policy. *d. It should be employed by all members of society. 29. Chapter 01-029 What is being suggested when scholars are accused of "committing sociology"? *a. that they are too interested in the root causes of social problems b. that they fail to be attentive to the role played by social facts in the life of a society c. that sociology is a superior approach when compared to other social sciences d. that sociology lacks a moral dimension 30. Chapter 01-030 Who was Auguste Comte? a. He introduced the concept of the "life chance." b. He introduced the concept of the "sociological imagination." c. He argued that sociology needs to be more interdisciplinary. *d. He gave sociology its name. 31. Chapter 01-031 The work of which of the following can be seen as an important precursor of sociology? a. Hypatia b. Napoleon c. Michelangelo *d. Ibn Khaldun 32. Chapter 01-032 For Comte what are the key dimensions of social life? a. the individual and society b. material and non-material culture c. the social and the pre-social *d. social statics and social dynamics 33. Chapter 01-033 Whom might most people consider to be the founder of Sociology? a. Erving Goffman b. C. Wright Mills *c. Auguste Comte d. Julius Marx 34. Chapter 01-034 Even before the discipline had a name, what were the early sociologists trying to understand? a. research methods *b. social change c. early theory d. social myth 35. Chapter 01-035 Which of the following terms refers to the establishment of permanent settlements, the appropriation of resources, and the exploitation of Indigenous peoples? a. exploration/discovery b. colonialism *c. colonization d. resettlement 36. Chapter 01-036 How can we think of sociology when compared to other social sciences? a. it is more honest b. it is more valid *c. it is more comprehensive d. it is much more ancient 37. Chapter 01-037 Who is acknowledged as doing work that examined how power affected the society of the time? a. Mahatma Gandhi *b. Ibn Khaldun c. Aristotle d. Confucius 38. Chapter 01-038 Who is noted as the first academic to recognize the significance of combining empirical research and theory as a productive method of studying the social world? *a. Auguste Comte b. Karl Marx c. Max Weber d. Max Blumer 39. Chapter 01-039 Sociological research has provided society with an overview of the Canadian legal and corrections systems. These data would not have been available for analysis and application to society without the use of which of the following to gather reliable knowledge? *a. empirical methods b. theoretical conceptualization c. research funding d. experimental methodologies 40. Chapter 01-040 A defining feature of sociology, what is its central focus? a. the study of behaviour b. group psychology *c. the connections between people and organizations d. the study of social life 41. Chapter 01-041 Why do we describe sociological methods as empirical? a. They were first used in the establishment of the British Empire. b. They reflect the biases of those who use them. *c. They involve the collection of verifiable evidence. d. They use a non-historical approach. 42. Chapter 01-042 Which term refers to a set of propositions intended to explain a fact or a phenomenon? *a. a theory b. a norm c. a concept d. a paradigm 43. Chapter 01-043 In a large metropolitan centre, authorities suspected that break-and-enter and other theft crimes were increasing due to massive layoffs during a global recession and the subsequent loss of income. By systematically studying the income levels of populations within the metropolitan area, the most vulnerable areas were identified and strategies for addressing the immediate needs of the people in those areas were initiated. Which sociological approach is useful for this type of objective study of this nature? a. critical *b. positivist c. negativist d. reductionist 44. Chapter 01-044 Jocelyn has been turned down for five jobs in the last two months. She believes the interviewers do not consider her because of the colour of her skin. What theoretical approach would be most effective when analysing situations like Jocelyn's ? a. interpretive *b. critical c. positive d. negative 45. Chapter 01-045 What do positivist theories emphasize? a. the need for observations of the social world to be interesting b. an implicit optimism c. the macro level of analysis *d. explanation and prediction 46. Chapter 01-046 Which statement best describes a positivist approach? a. It stems from the humanities. b. It focuses on subjective explanations. *c. It looks at the relationships between variables. d. It assume that people generally have favourable views of their society. 47. Chapter 01-047 How can we best describe classical sociological theories? a. They are most commonly taught in courses which deal with contemporary theory. b. They have been most attentive to the work of feminist scholars. *c. They were developed during the early days of the discipline. d. They are most frequently used in contemporary research. 48. Chapter 01-048 Social power is an essential element of which of the following type of theory? a. positivist *b. conflict c. interpretive d. neoclassical 49. Chapter 01-049 According to the text, which theory emphasizes explanation and prediction, assuming that there are objective "laws" that govern the way society works? a. interpretivist theorizing b. critical theorizing *c. positivist theorizing d. feminist theorizing 50. Chapter 01-050 According to the text, what do we call collectively shared criteria by which we determine whether something is right or wrong? a. sociology *b. values c. theory d. functionalism 51. Chapter 01-051 What might a sociologist identify as a latent function of religion? a. It addresses our most important empirical questions. b. It teaches us to distinguish the sacred from the secular. *c. It increases solidarity by bringing community members together. d. It addresses "big questions" such as "what is the meaning of life"? 52. Chapter 01-052 For the most part, contemporary Canadian society is characterised by which of the following? a. mechanical solidarity *b. organic solidarity c. postmodern solidarity d. solidarity rooted in conflict 53. Chapter 01-053 Which of the following is NOT true with respect to social facts? a. they may have a non-material form b. they can be said to exist independently of individuals *c. they are most closely associated with the work of Max Weber d. they are exemplified by, for instance, the suicide rate 54. Chapter 01-054 Which of the following is NOT a material social fact? a. the educational system *b. the belief system c. the criminal justice system d. the highway system 55. Chapter 01-055 João grew up in the countryside, but moved to the city to find work when he turned 18. He felt very lost because he was unsure of social norms that were followed in his new urban surroundings. According to Durkheim, what consequence might follow from such experiences? a. manifest urbanism b. neo-urbanism c. dysfunctional *d. anomie 56. Chapter 01-056 Which term would most sociologists use to describe the tendency for people in society to become increasingly isolated from each other? a. manifest function b. disnormative *c. dysfunctional d. micro level affect 57. Chapter 01-057 When the members of society share a view that something is right or wrong, what do we say they are expressing? *a. their values b. their norms c. a generalized otherness d. an emancipatory laxity 58. Chapter 01-058 Which of the following is Émile Durkheim most closely associated? a. life chances *b. anomie c. class conflict d. the generalized other 59. Chapter 01-059 Which type of society is characterised by organic solidarity? a. a traditional society b. a preindustrial society *c. a contemporary urban society d. a very homogeneous society 60. Chapter 01-060 Which of the terms below best define anomie? a. class conflict *b. normlessness c. dysfunctional d. eufunctional 61. Chapter 01-061 Suicide rates in some Indigenous communities are among the highest in Canada. While suicide is often characterized as an individual's response to pain, emotional, psychological, and/or other mental health concerns, what term might Durkheim use to describe what appears to be a specific issue within an entire community of people? a. dysfunctional b. cultural fatigue *c. anomie d. shared post-traumatic stress 62. Chapter 01-062 During an economic depression, large numbers of people may feel a collective sense of normlessness and uncertainty about what the rules are under which social condition. Who would best describe this type of situation? a. Marx *b. Durkhein c. Mills d. Comte 63. Chapter 01-063 During an economic depression, large numbers of people may feel a collective sense of normlessness and uncertainty about what the rules are under these new social conditions.¬†¬†What is this situation an example of? a. normative deficiency *b. anomie c. dysfunction d. inadequate normalization 64. Chapter 01-064 Which type of society would conflict theorists find most reflective of their arguments? a. a society which is constantly at war with its neighbours b. a society in which there is no real violence but in which levels of media violence are very high *c. a society in which a small group of powerful people is at the top of the social hierarchy and a large group of powerless people is on the bottom. d. a society in which a proletarian class exploits the bourgeoisie class 65. Chapter 01-065 Who is credited with founding the conflict perspective? a. Émile Durkheim *b. Karl Marx c. Max Weber d. George Herbert Mead 66. Chapter 01-066 Critical theory focuses on what factor influencing social processes? a. negativity b. social problems c. self-interpretation *d. power 67. Chapter 01-067 According to the text, what type of theorizing explores the role that power plays in social processes, and emphasizes the importance of knowledge being tied to emancipation? a. interpretivist theorizing *b. critical theorizing c. positivist theorizing d. feminist theorizing 68. Chapter 01-068 In Marxist conflict theory, who are the owners of the means of production? *a. the bourgeoisie b. the proletariat c. the leaders d. everyone 69. Chapter 01-069 According to the text, which sociological framework views society as comprising individuals who are engaged in various forms of communication, which come to mean particular things based on common shared understandings that develop between specific people? a. conflict framework *b. interactionist framework c. feminist framework d. postmodern framework 70. Chapter 01-070 Which theoretical framework is tightly linked with practice? a. structural functionalist theory b. symbolic interactionist theory c. Durkheim's theory *d. conflict theory 71. Chapter 01-071 According to Marx, who is likely to become alienated under capitalism? a. the bourgeoise b. nouveau riche *c. proletariat d. lower level government bureaucrats 72. Chapter 01-072 There is a small group of people in town who seem to have all the money and make all the rules. The rules they make (especially around employment) are intended to ensure they continue to have all the money. Which theoretical perspective would be most effective to analyze the activities in this town? a. structural functionalism b. feminist theory *c. conflict theory d. anomie 73. Chapter 01-073 George Herbert Mead and Herbert Blumer are credited with pioneering work with respect to which sociological perspective? a. critical b. feminist c. functionalist *d. interactionist 74. Chapter 01-074 What is the sociological label we give to people (including people we might not know) when we care about what those people think of us? *a. the generalized other b. the significant other c. the general public d. the significant public 75. Chapter 01-075 Batool did not want to wear a sari to the mall because she was afraid of what shoppers at the mall would say about her. How would George Herbert Mead describe the shoppers Batool was concerned about? a. significant others *b. generalized others c. significant shoppers d. generalized shoppers 76. Chapter 01-076 According to George Herbert Mead, what do we develop as we pass through all of the main stages of socialization? a. social awareness b. social savvy c. a multisignificant other *d. a generalized other 77. Chapter 01-077 Which of the following is associated with the concept of praxis? a. positivism b. functionalism c. symbolic interactionism *d. conflict theory 78. Chapter 01-078 In what kinds of situations involving one's superiors might people engage in impression management? a. mainly in high pressure situations b. when superiors know that they have behaved in a non-normative way c. mainly at the micro level *d. in all aspects of public life 79. Chapter 01-079 Tamar has a health condition which makes it impossible to wear a mask to protect against COVID-19. While this is perfectly understandable, she is reluctant to venture out because of how others might respond to her. We might say that she is worried about which of the following? a. network rejection *b. generalised other c. crowd mentality d. reactive other 80. Chapter 01-080 Which type of theorist would argue that it is important to understand social worlds the way the people who live in those social worlds understand them? a. functionalist b. conflict c. positivist *d. interactionist 81. Chapter 01-081 Large-scale social movements are often informed by a conflict theory framework. What is the term coined by Karl Marx that describes the connection between scholarship and action by some groups attempting to end their subordination? a. reactiveness *b. praxis c. academic intervention d. autonomy 82. Chapter 01-082 Which term refers to the group of people who are most important to us and who have a major influence in our socialization? *a. significant others b. specialized others c. significant individuals d. socialized others 83. Chapter 01-083 Who was one of the first feminist sociologists? a. Beatrice Potter Webb b. Jane Addams *c. Harriet Martineau d. Marianne Weber 84. Chapter 01-084 According to the text, which statement is true with respect to all versions of contemporary feminist theory? a. They strive to be androcentric. b. They employ the concept of patriarchy. c. They are Marxist in form. *d. They argue that research and theory must be combined with practice. 85. Chapter 01-085 Which term best describes a society when legal and/or social power is vested in men? *a. patriarchal b. patrilocal c. gender focused d. gender antiquated 86. Chapter 01-086 Which statement best describes of the work of sociologist Dorothy Smith? a. It is widely recognized for her androcentric approaches to sociology. b. It argued that the only way to change social structures is to focus on their economic base. *c. It argued that the only way to understand the micro level is to understand the lived experience at that level. d. It is one of the key contributions associated with 19th century feminist sociology. 87. Chapter 01-087 The feminist perspective argues that past academic research has inadequately studied women's experiences as different from men's experiences. Why is this the case? *a. The research has been androcentric. b. The research has been focused on functionality. c. The research has been conflict driven. d. The research has been matrilineal. 88. Chapter 01-088 Jane and Josh both went to get their haircut and they both got brush cuts. Mutual friends had a much stronger, negative reaction to Jane's haircut, telling her she looked awful and should grow her hair back. Josh was told he looked good. Using a feminist sociological framework, which statement best explains this difference in reactions? a. Gendered interpretation is an individual-level process. *b. Expectations regarding behaviour are gendered because society is gendered. c. Conflict will confirm that society is gendered. d. Style is gendered regardless of other gender changes in society. 89. Chapter 01-089 Postmodern sociology emerged after which significant historical event? a. World War I *b. World War II c. the collapse of the Soviet Union d. the 9/11 terror attacks 90. Chapter 01-090 Who is credited with the conceptualization of standpoint theory? a. Harriet Blondeau b. Margaret Neuman *c. Dorothy Smith d. Beatrice Williams 91. Chapter 01-091 Dorothy Smith, a Canadian sociologist, contends that women's positions have been overlooked or ridiculed. She suggests that feminist theory and practice must assume the importance of listening to women as they describe their life experiences. What is the name of her feminist theory? a. stand-alone theory *b. standpoint theory c. relational feminist theory d. feminist socialist theory 92. Chapter 01-092 According to the text, which sociological framework argues that social change has created inescapable chaos and meaninglessness? a. conflict framework b. interactionist framework *c. skeptical postmodern framework d. affirmative postmodern framework 93. Chapter 01-093 Which of the following statements is true with respect to postmodern sociology? *a. It developed in the post-World War II period. b. It includes a version called "skeptical postmodernism" which has done much to shape contemporary sociological analysis. c. It focuses on the effects of rapid industrialization. d. It calls for the development of a grand overarching theory of society. 94. Chapter 01-094 How would a postmodern or poststructuralist sociologist describe the body of knowledge regarding the causes and nature of terrorism which we routinely confront in news media? a. as a form of rhetoric b. as a skeptical assessment *c. as an elite discourse d. as a mass-mediated form of knowledge 95. Chapter 01-095 Who was the most influential post-structural theorist? a. Hector Fanje *b. Michel Foucault c. Harriet Martineau d. Karl Marx 96. Chapter 01-096 Which theoretical framework deconstructs what is perceived as "knowledge" and asks questions of that knowledge? a. functional postmodernism b. critical postmodernism c. skeptical postmodernism *d. affirmative postmodernism 97. Chapter 01-097 "You need a university education to succeed in today, world." This statement is part of an agreement about the importance of education, constructed by people with an education. As more and more people agree with this statement, it becomes widely accepted as true. According to Michel Foucault, this acceptance means that the statement has become what type of social phenomenon? a. an elite interaction *b. an elite discourse c. a popular discourse d. a popular interaction 98. Chapter 01-098 Which term refers to a way of understanding a particular subject or social phenomenon? a. social statement b. postmodern topic *c. discourse d. Interaction 99. Chapter 01-099 To which sociological theory is the work of Michel Foucault most directly linked? a. skeptical modernism b. manifest postmodernism c. affirmative discourse *d. poststructuralism 100. Chapter 01-100 "Beauty is skin deep." While this is a common and seemingly innocent expression, it is a notion that underlines the billion-dollar beauty and fashion industry. It has profound and prolonged effects upon girls' and women's self-image. According to Foucault, the wide acceptance of this expression has become part of what social phenomenon? a. an elite corporate understanding b. an unpopular discourse *c. an elite discourse d. a popular topic of debate 101. Chapter 01-101 Carina read a book about the decline of patriarchy. She questioned the validity of some of the examples that were presented to demonstrate that women have equal opportunities when compared to men in North American society. What process did Carina use to come to her conclusion? a. framework reasoning *b. thinking critically c. judgmental deduction d. conversation analysis 102. Chapter 01-102 To complete his undergraduate degree, Paul had taken a variety of courses for his major and to fulfill his elective requirements. Over the course of his university experience, he had taken courses that facilitated the development of a valuable new practise of thinking that required effort to develop and nurture. By what name is this new form of thinking known? a. critical assessment *b. critical thinking c. critique of thought d. cynical assessment 103. Chapter 01-103 In Paul's first year of undergraduate study, he learned about various marriage, partnerships, and child rearing practices in his anthropology class. His religious beliefs and values were challenged as he reviewed the wide variety of cultural customs and practices. He could not accept that other cultures had valid forms and practices that were different than his own. What type of thinking was Paul using? a. politically correct thinking b. higher belief and values thing c. higher-order thinking *d. lower-order thinking 104. Chapter 01-104 What does it mean to engage in higher order critical thinking? a. It means to find the major merits and faults in an argument. b. It means to develop ways in which the argument might be tested using research. *c. It means to extrapolate information from one domain to another. d. It means to search for the elements of the argument which define it as a form of discourse. 105. Chapter 01-105 Which of the following is true with respect to critical thinking? a. Most of us are born with the inherent knowledge of how to think critically. b. The development of critical thinking is inherent in a university education. c. Three levels of critical thinking may be said to exist - lower order, the meso order, and higher order. *d. It means that at the macro level it is linked to the idea of critical societies. 106. Chapter 01-106 According to the authors of the textbook, what is included in the sociological toolkit? a. critical thinking b. nonempirical methods c. a clear idea of what it is you hope to prove *d. an agenda for change 107. Chapter 01-107 What is the simplest definition of a theory? a. conceptual paradigm b. social philosophy c. unproven hypothesis *d. explanation 108. Chapter 01-108 According to the textbook, what does critical thinking involve? a. recognizing the domain-specific nature of information b. abilities that are hardwired in our brains c. the micro level but not the macro level of society *d. empirical research methods 109. Chapter 01-109 According to the authors, which of the following is NOT one of the ways in which sociology is practiced? a. academic b. policy c. private *d. predisciplinary 110. Chapter 01-110 What is the best way to describe the work of Max Weber? *a. academic b. policy c. private d. multidisciplinary 111. Chapter 01-111 According to the text, theoretical and empirical research is considered what kind of sociology? *a. academic b. policy c. public d. private 112. Chapter 01-112 Seeing the strange in the familiar means recognizing how different cultures resemble each other. a. True *b. False 113. Chapter 01-113 Life chances in Canada remain relatively equal across ethnic categories. a. True *b. False 114. Chapter 01-114 Norms are society's ever-changing expectations for how we are supposed to act, think, and look. *a. True b. False 115. Chapter 01-115 Weber argued that life chances were influenced by factors such as gender. *a. True b. False 116. Chapter 01-116 The concept of agency refers to the ability of people making their personal choices. *a. True b. False 117. Chapter 01-117 Appreciating the link between the general and the specific is the essence of the sociological imagination. *a. True b. False 118. Chapter 01-118 While macro-level processes have an impact on the microlevel, micro-level processes have no effect on the macrolevel. a. True *b. False 120. Chapter 01-120 To commit sociology is to dedicate one's professional life to the study of society. a. True *b. False 121. Chapter 01-121 The term "life chances" refers to the opportunities that an individual encounters over the course of his or her lifetime. a. True *b. False 122. Chapter 01-122 The origins of sociology can be traced to the period after World War I. a. True *b. False 124. Chapter 01-124 Comte coined the term "sociology" to describe a new science that would use empirical research and theory for the study of society. *a. True b. False 125. Chapter 01-125 Postdisciplinarity refers to research done after the social sciences were divided into disciplines. a. True *b. False 126. Chapter 01-126 Meeting a future life partner might be seen as a latent function of post-secondary education. *a. True b. False 127. Chapter 01-127 Dorothy Smith proposes that since men and women experience different positions in society, they form different life perspectives. *a. True b. False 128. Chapter 01-128 The use of social statistics to improve prediction is most closely associated with positivist thought. *a. True b. False 129. Chapter 01-129 Feminist theory has tried to reverse taken-for-granted assumptions by most people that women have gained absolute equality with men. *a. True b. False 130. Chapter 01-130 Karl Marx developed a theory of social research and thought that predicted the conflict of WW1. a. True *b. False 131. Chapter 01-131 Increased levels of suicide and depression among lottery winners remind us of a concept associated with Émile Durkheim. *a. True b. False 132. Chapter 01-132 According to Émile Durkheim, anomie is most likely to occur during a period of rapid social change. *a. True b. False 134. Chapter 01-134 According to Marx, the proletariat comprises those who own and control the means of production. a. True *b. False 135. Chapter 01-135 A research project gave poor neighbourhood residents the kind of information they needed to increase their collective power. This is an example of praxis. *a. True b. False 136. Chapter 01-136 Once significant others are identified, they retain their importance for the individual's entire life. a. True *b. False 137. Chapter 01-137 Harriet Martineau publicly disagreed with most of Auguste Comte's ideas. a. True *b. False 138. Chapter 01-138 Gender socialization research concludes that males and females are perceived and treated in an identical fashion in North America. a. True *b. False 139. Chapter 01-139 Postmodern theorists believe that we need to create clearer distinctions between disciplines and additional grand narratives to explain social life. a. True *b. False 140. Chapter 01-140 Michel Foucault argued that there are many discourses competing for an authoritative position in a society. *a. True b. False 141. Chapter 01-141 As a feminist, Dorothy Smith argued that in order to understand social structures we must understand differences in lived experiences between men and women at the microlevel. *a. True b. False 142. Chapter 01-142 It is accurate to say that female writers did not make significant contributions to sociological thought until the latter half of the 20th century. a. True *b. False 143. Chapter 01-143 At the macro level, critical thinking can be detached from social action and kept within the academic and intellectual silos of higher level educational institutions. a. True *b. False Chapter 2 1. Chapter 02-001 Why is sociology considered a science? a. It has an exclusive reliance on positivist approaches. b. Sociologists usually have degrees in the natural sciences. c. It has philosophical origins. *d. It seeks to use empirical methods. 2. Chapter 02-002 Professor Johnson undertook a study of homeless youth. Using an identical methodology and a comparable sample, Professor Said did an almost identical study and reached the same conclusions as Professor Johnson. What would most sociologists probably say about this situation? a. Professor Said's study was a waste of time. b. Professor Said lacks a sociological imagination. *c. To advance any science, including sociology, depends on replication. d. It seems suspicious that Professor Said would have produced very similar results . 3. Chapter 02-003 What distinguishes sociology from common sense hunches? a. the type of question being asked b. the rejection of empirical methodology *c. the interplay of theory and research d. critical analysis 4. Chapter 02-004 Which of the following is a principal component of any theory? *a. concepts b. empirical research c. policy recommendations d. at least one non-empirical question 5. Chapter 02-005 In a study of female offenders, which of the following is not a variable? a. ethnicity b. social class *c. gender d. age 6. Chapter 02-006 In the novels and short stories, Sherlock Holmes often investigated crimes by making very careful observations of a crime scene and then developing a more general explanation. Which of the following best describes his approach? *a. inductive reasoning b. deductive reasoning c. non-empirical investigation d. conceptual understanding 7. Chapter 02-007 What is the usual starting point of a data-collection exercise using an inductive approach? a. theorizing b. hypothesizing c. reporting preliminary findings *d. gathering data 8. Chapter 02-008 What is the usual starting point of a deductive study? a. data gathering b. hypothesizing c. reporting preliminary findings *d. theorizing 9. Chapter 02-009 What type of study would most probably ask, "what is it like to be a "? a. descriptive study *b. exploratory study c. inductive study d. deductive study 10. Chapter 02-010 The textbook reports the results of an explanatory study which investigated the effects of frequent Facebook posting. What did the study find? a. Frequent Facebook posting increased anxiety. b. Frequent Facebook posting increased loneliness. c. Frequent Facebook posting increased the desire to meet other people. *d. Frequent Facebook posting decreased loneliness. 11. Chapter 02-011 Which type of research asks, "what is the nature of this social problem?" a. explanatory research b. deductive research *c. needs assessment research d. empowerment research 12. Chapter 02-012 A questionnaire was distributed to a large introductory sociology class. Students were asked to indicate whether or not they were going to major in sociology. This would most likely be described as what kind of study? a. exploratory study *b. descriptive study c. a micro study d. an aspirational study 13. Chapter 02-013 A study was done to determine the effects of new procedures intended to facilitate pregnant mothers' access to resources. It is important to ask "was the program worth the costs?" What type of study is most likely to answer this question? a. descriptive research b. exploratory research *c. evaluation research d. explanatory research 14. Chapter 02-014 Which statement best describes concepts? a. They are best defined as explanations. b. They are always non-categorical. *c. They take the form of variables in research. d. They are generally explained using inductive reasoning. 15. Chapter 02-015 I am doing a study of students majoring in sociology. What would not be considered a variable in my study? a. age b. area of minor concentration *c. area of major concentration d. family income 16. Chapter 02-016 According to the text, what is the principal component of any theory? a. research b. reliability c. variables *d. concepts 17. Chapter 02-017 Which statement best summarizes the research relating to "selfies" online? a. It demonstrates the deductive approach. b. It found the selfies on Instagram are nowhere near as gendered as those in magazine ads. c. White male selfies contained less muscle presentation than magazine ads. *d. Female selfies were more likely to contain a kissing pout face. 18. Chapter 02-018 Which of the following involves empirical research late in the process? *a. deductive logic b. inductive logic c. sociological theories d. conceptual research 19. Chapter 02-019 Dressler and Farmer hypothesized that novice marathon runners would run farther and longer if they were exposed to veteran runners who could mentor them through the early days of marathon training. The researchers began with existing theories, developed a new hypothesis, and then organized a research program to test the premise. Which form of reasoning did they use? a. reductionist *b. deductive c. inductive d. empirical 20. Chapter 02-020 Which statement best describes inductive reasoning? *a. It starts with research and ends with theory construction. b. It starts with theory and ends with theory construction. c. It reflects the bidirectional relationship between theory and research. d. It is not a practical tool for sociologists to use. 21. Chapter 02-021 Rosa finished her fieldwork before developing her theory about what social phenomenon was occurring. According to the text, research approach did Rosa use? a. deductive reasoning *b. inductive reasoning c. common reasoning d. reliable reasoning 22. Chapter 02-022 Which of the following begins with empirical research? a. deductive logic *b. inductive logic c. sociological theories d. conceptual research 23. Chapter 02-023 In evaluation research a separate prior study is often undertaken which asks "what is the nature of the social problem?" Which term refers to this prior study? a. de facto assessment b. exploratory investigation *c. needs assessment d. inductive study 24. Chapter 02-024 The text used text messaging to illustrate which of research approach? a. surveys b. experiments c. discourse analysis *d. exploratory research 25. Chapter 02-025 Mike and Johanna wanted to study the notion that Internet dating site users developed more self-confidence about their personal appeal as a potential partner over a sixmonth time frame. Which form of research would reveal this particular social phenomenon? a. descriptive b. exploratory *c. explanatory d. deductive 26. Chapter 02-026 In what kind of study do researchers attempt to assess the necessity for or efficacy of a social program or social condition? a. exploratory b. experimental c. empowerment *d. evaluation 27. Chapter 02-027 A program was developed to increase prescription compliance in recently diagnosed hypertension patients. Medical readings and interviews were conducted with participants over one year, at three-month intervals. At the end of the program, medical health practitioners revisited the program to check its effectiveness and to make adjustments as indicated by the data. Which form of research would reveal the outcome of the program? *a. evaluation b. exploratory c. explanatory d. empowerment 28. Chapter 02-028 What kind of research is designed to facilitate improving the conditions within a particular social setting or for a particular social group? a. exploratory b. experimental *c. empowerment d. evaluation 29. Chapter 02-029 According to the text, what are researchers doing when they are pursuing change while studying a social system? a. community research b. social research c. responsible research *d. action research 30. Chapter 02-030 Which term refers to the process of defining variables in a precise manner that is measureable? a. conceptualization *b. operationalization c. theorization d. variablization 31. Chapter 02-031 What is the main reason that sociologists review previous research before doing a study of their own? a. to determine if they will be able to get their own research published in a scholarly journal *b. to determine what is already known and where gaps or limitations exist c. to criticize the work of other sociologists d. to decide on one or more of the research methods available for the research design 32. Chapter 02-032 Which of the following best describes the process operationalization? *a. defining variables in precise measurable manner b. developing critical theory c. transforming an hypothesis d. organizing a research team 33. Chapter 02-033 In which of these hypothetical examples would the measuring instrument be reliable but not valid? *a. In order to measure her psychic ability, Martha weighs herself repeatedly with consistent results. b. In order to determine his height, Albert uses a rubber measuring stick which yields several estimates. c. In order to measure family income, Fernando asks several strangers in a restaurant how much money they have in their pockets. d. In order to estimate age, Bertha asks students in a classroom to name their favourite song of all time. 34. Chapter 02-034 For some reason, Norman believes that his bathroom scale measures intelligence. What does Norman not realize with respect to this type of measurement? a. A bathroom scale can be neither reliable nor valid. b. A working bathroom scale is valid but not reliable. *c. A working bathroom scale is reliable but not valid. d. A bathroom scale cannot be operationalized. 35. Chapter 02-035 Which of the following best defines operationalization? *a. the translation of concepts into measureable variables b. the transformation of a literature review into a research question c. the analysis of the relationship between variables d. the use of theory to organize data collection 36. Chapter 02-036 What does the term "validity" mean in relation to survey research? a. The results can be verified by outside parties. b. There is consistency of measurement. *c. At least one of the variables is a good indicator of the intended concept. d. The sample is representative. 37. Chapter 02-037 In the process of drawing conclusions, what should a researcher always do? *a. Revisit the original research question. b. Consider the consequences of their conclusions. c. Propose policy changes. d. Compile their results. 38. Chapter 02-038 Which term refers to a testable research statement that includes at least two variables? a. a theory *b. a hypothesis c. an empirical prediction d. an exploratory statement 39. Chapter 02-039 Which of the following is NOT a major component of a research design? a. data collection b. data analysis c. drawing conclusions *d. making policy recommendations 40. Chapter 02-040 Which term refers to obtaining consistent results with the same measure? a. multiple causation *b. reliability c. experimenter presence d. validity 41. Chapter 02-041 Suppose that a person receives the same score when she takes an IQ test more than once. Which statement best describes this test? a. It is valid. b. It is a good predictor. *c. It is reliable. d. It is dependable. 42. Chapter 02-042 A sociologist publishes an article on a study in which she estimated the level of religious commitment in the population. Another interested researcher uses the same methodology and replicates the experiment and produces the same estimate. What can be said about the original study result? a. It shows causation. b. It has confidence. c. It has verifiability. *d. It has reliability. 43. Chapter 02-043 When are measurements in research considered reliable? a. when they are correlated *b. when they yield consistent results c. when they measure what they were supposed to measure d. when they are accurate and relevant 44. Chapter 02-044 After researchers have collected and analyzed their data, what is generally considered the next and final step of the research process? a. finalizing the research design b. reconfiguring the hypotheses c. certifying the ethical approval *d. disseminating the findings 45. Chapter 02-045 What is generally the last step in the research process? a. termination of analysis b. data distribution *c. dissemination of findings d. securing ethical approval 46. Chapter 02-046 Why is the Stanford Prison experiment famous? a. It was the first experiment ever done in a maximum security institution. b. It was the first social science experiment to undergo the Tri Council ethics review process. *c. It demonstrated the situational nature of control and coercion. d. It did not maintain the anonymity of the researcher. 47. Chapter 02-047 Without prior notice, a sociologist shows up in a high school classroom. Students are informed that they must take part in a survey of criminal activities. The students are assured that their names or other identifying information will not appear on the questionnaire, that all research material will be seen by only the researchers, and that the material will be destroyed at the end of the study. Which of the following comments seems most appropriate with respect to the ethics of the study? a. There appear to be no obvious ethical problems. b. The researchers are not protecting the anonymity of students. c. Students are not being paid for their participation. *d. There appears to allowance for prior consent. 48. Chapter 02-048 Debriefing is mandatory in which of the following types of research situations? a. where confidentiality is a problem b. in situations which involve an experimental design c. in qualitative research *d. where information is initially withheld 49. Chapter 02-049 The study of survival games among Indigenous youth living in the Northwest Territories used what kind of research design? a. a quantitative survey *b. an inductive content analysis c. an experiment d. a focus group 50. Chapter 02-050 A researcher has conducted a survey of students' assessments of faculty performance. Students did not put their names on the questionnaire. When the research is done, the researcher leaves the questionnaires in the lounge for faculty to peruse. Which ethical breech is this researcher guilty of? *a. not respecting confidentiality b. not respecting autonomy c. not respecting the feelings of the faculty members who are being assessed d. failing to include student names on the forms 51. Chapter 02-051 What does the Tri Council Policy Statement relate to? *a. the role of ethics in research b. the use of experiments in social science c. the amount of funding available for sociological research d. the publishing criteria regarding research findings 52. Chapter 02-052 Why was Stanley Milgram's research considered ethically problematic? a. The identities of the experimental subjects were made public. b. The research could have physically harmed the subjects. *c. The research could have psychologically harmed the subjects. d. The research could have physically harmed the researchers' assistants. 53. Chapter 02-053 The text used Stanley Milgram's study on obedience to authority as an example of the importance of which sociological issue? a. obedience b. reliability *c. ethics d. experimentation 54. Chapter 02-054 Which of the following is part of the "Tri-Council Policy Statement: Ethical Conduct for Research Involving Humans" standards for conducting research? *a. Participation in research must be voluntary, and confidentiality and anonymity must be observed. b. Researchers may harm research participants only when the potential gains in knowledge outweigh theparticipants' rights. c. Researchers must take care of the funders' interests in their research, ensuring outcomes do not contravene their expectations. d. Researchers must avoid politically incorrect areas of inquiry and take care not to delve into sensitive issues. 55. Chapter 02-055 In social science research, which statement best summarizes the matter of ethics? a. Ethics are left to individual researchers. b. Ethics are overseen by the disciplinary organization (e.g., the sociology association). *c. Ethics are specified by the Tri-Council policy. d. Ethics are only a matter of interest to universities in rare cases. 56. Chapter 02-056 Research in online chat rooms is challenging. Even if researchers announce that they have logged in, someone logging in later might not be aware of their presence. What does this important research issue pertain to? a. technology *b. ethics c. research intent d. research outcomes 57. Chapter 02-057 Which statement best defines "maintaining confidentiality"? *a. The researcher is able to identify a given person's responses, but promises not to do so. b. The research cannot identify a given response with a given respondent. c. The researcher refrains from collecting personal information about participants. d. The researcher obtains written consent before collecting personal information. 58. Chapter 02-058 Qualitative methodologies are usually associated with which of the following? *a. inductive approach b. deductive approach c. reductive approach d. quantitative approach 59. Chapter 02-059 Which of the following uses inductive logic? a. surveys *b. grounded theory c. foundational theory d. research hypotheses 60. Chapter 02-060 What term is used to describe the research situation in which colonized or oppressed people can express their views and concerns in whatever form is most relevant to them? *a. decolonization b. recolonization c. anti-colonization d. Indigenous responding 61. Chapter 02-061 Some researchers interested in male violence examined three sources of data: self-reports of survey subjects, selfreports by victims, and police arrest data. All three sources concurred with respect to the finding that men are more violent than women. What is this an example of? a. research duplication b. research replication *c. triangulation d. research design validity 62. Chapter 02-062 Which statement best describes sociology experiments? a. They are inductive. b. They are useful for generating research hypotheses. *c. They ideally involve the random assignment of subjects. d. They are among the most common techniques used by sociologists. 63. Chapter 02-063 What is the major limitation of experiments in sociology? a. They rarely make use of a dependant variable. b. They too frequently employ control groups. *c. They involve what are essentially artificial situations. d. They fail to make causal arguments. 64. Chapter 02-064 How to access and then exit a research setting is a problem unique to which of the following research methodologies? a. the focus group *b. participant observation c. systematic observation d. multimethod observation 65. Chapter 02-065 How do we describe the situation in which a researcher directly observes a social group or process but does not interact with the participants? a. obtrusive observation *b. systematic observation c. participant observation d. single-case observation 66. Chapter 02-066 Professor Hobsworth has undertaken a study of the treatment in the news of "notable people" who have appeared on the cover of Time magazine during the period 2000 to 2020. She is especially interested in the types of coverage associated with different types of notable people. This study is an example of which of the following? a. primary research *b. secondary data analysis c. tertiary data analysis d. newsfact analysis 67. Chapter 02-067 Which of the following is a major shortcoming of surveys? a. the difficulty in finding capable interviewers b. securing the cooperation of a sufficiently large sample *c. the inability to independently validate survey information d. the difficulties involved in the operationalization of concepts 68. Chapter 02-068 We are doing an experiment to determine if exposure to violent newscasts in a laboratory setting increases subjects' fear of the world.¬†Which statement is most important to this experiment design? *a. Exposure to violent news would be the independent variables. b. Fear would be the independent variable. c. Members of a control group would be exposed to the violent newscasts. d. Random assignment would be unnecessary in such a study. 69. Chapter 02-069 What do sociologists call the presumed cause that is manipulated in an experiment? *a. independent variable b. dependent variable c. controlled variable d. central variable 70. Chapter 02-070 What do sociologists call the participants in an experiment who are NOT exposed to the independent variable? a. dependent group *b. control group c. observed group d. responsive group 71. Chapter 02-071 In a study of the effects of exposure to pornographic films on men's attitudes toward women, what is the name of the group of research participants who are NOT exposed to the films? *a. the control group b. the research group c. the master group d. the experimental group 72. Chapter 02-072 In a study of the health of runaways of different ages in Toronto, the researcher examined housing, employment, and education. In this research, what is the independent variable? *a. age b. housing c. employment d. health 73. Chapter 02-073 Students who work at part-time jobs get lower grades than those who do not work. In methodological terms, what kind of variable are students' grades? a. mediating b. independent *c. dependent d. confounding 74. Chapter 02-074 For a research project about vacation practices, Sam will look at the influence of a person's income on her or his vacation destination. He proposes that the higher the income, the more luxurious the accommodation choice will be. Which term refers to the accommodation choice? a. an independent variable *b. a dependent variable c. a spurious variable d. an intervening variable 75. Chapter 02-075 What is random assignment associated with? *a. experiments b. ethnography c. surveys d. systematic observation 76. Chapter 02-076 What is the best scientific methodology to isolate a cause? *a. experiment b. survey c. field research d. observation studies 77. Chapter 02-077 What kind of research should a social scientist use to clearly establish the causal relationship between two variables? *a. experimental b. direct observation c. correlational d. ethnographic 78. Chapter 02-078 According to the text, what is the primary means of collecting social science evidence? *a. survey b. field study c. ethnographic study d. experiment 79. Chapter 02-079 Sanjay is interested in finding out people's attitudes about crime in his neighbourhood. Using a brief face-toface interview, he goes door-to-door and asks his neighbours identical questions using the questionnaire he designed. Which research method is he using? a. participant observation *b. survey c. experiment d. ethnography 80. Chapter 02-080 Which term refers to a printed research instrument containing a series of items to which research participants (or "subjects") respond by choosing from a list? a. pretest b. posttest c. observational device *d. questionnaire 81. Chapter 02-081 A researcher might administer a questionnaire to a small group that closely resembles the population of interest. What label would a sociologist give this group? a. multivariate sample *b. representative sample c. restricted sample d. sample of convenience 82. Chapter 02-082 You conduct a survey with a large introductory class of sociology students, but you want to sample only 30 percent of them. When passing out the survey, you need to make sure that each person in the class has an equal chance of being selected to complete it. What kind of sample have you selected? a. multivariate b. cross-sectional *c. representative d. multi-stage 83. Chapter 02-083 What is the best research design for testing causality? a. ethnography *b. experiment c. survey d. content analysis 84. Chapter 02-084 When a researcher meets with the research participants in her study and asks each of them a series of questions, altering the questions as necessary, which data collection method is she using? a. researcher-administered questionnaire *b. unstandardized interview c. structured survey d. structured experiment 85. Chapter 02-085 According to the text, what is the biggest advantage of interviews when compared to questionnaires? a. The answers are easier to analyze. b. The answers reflect the rapport built with the respondent. *c. The answers better reflect the respondents' actual views. d. The answers are less likely to raise ethical issues. 86. Chapter 02-086 Which statement best describes a researcher doing secondary analysis? a. He or she replicates an earlier research study. b. He or she completes a project by answering questions not addressed in the original study. c. He or she focuses on the study of secondary organizations. *d. He or she uses data previously collected or made available for some other purpose. 87. Chapter 02-087 Which type of analysis can be carried out on existing data sources, such as public records, official reports, and surveys completed by other researchers? *a. secondary analysis b. inconspicuous analysis c. researcher-coordinated analysis d. unobtrusive analysis 88. Chapter 02-088 Keira has decided to buy a data set from Statistics Canada to use as the basis for her research for her master's thesis. Which method of data collection is she using? a. primary analysis *b. secondary analysis c. technical analysis d. quantitative analysis 89. Chapter 02-089 Which terms refer to research on copies of suicide notes done in order to establish the types of themes that occur in them most often? a. field research *b. content analysis c. participant observation d. ethnography 90. Chapter 02-090 What is NOT included in secondary analyses? a. studies using statistical information collected by Statistics Canada b. content analyses c. historical analyses *d. ethnography 91. Chapter 02-091 Which theoretical tradition is most consistent with ethnographic research methods? a. positivism *b. interactionist c. functionalist d. conflict 92. Chapter 02-092 Which research approach is defined as "the use of multiple methods to critically examine the ways in which language is used to convey social constructions and social relations"? a. critical analysis b. post-structural analysis c. postmodern analysis *d. discourse analysis 93. Chapter 02-093 If a researcher directly observes a social group or process in the field, but does not interact with the participants, what kind of research is being performed? a. experimental observation b. restricted observation *c. systematic observation d. participant observation 94. Chapter 02-094 Which term refers to studying people where they live, work, and play? a. discourse analysis *b. ethnography c. case investigation d. field experimentation 95. Chapter 02-095 When a researcher conducts a detailed study of the life and activities of a group of people by living with that group over a period of years, what is this type of study called? *a. ethnography b. survey research c. complete observation d. field experimentation 96. Chapter 02-096 A sociologist starts "hanging out" with Italian immigrants. In addition to hanging out, he informally conducts interviews with the immigrants, and supplements his research with official statistics and government reports. Then he publishes a book on his work that gives an in-d