Test Bank for Psychology Themes and Variations, 6th Canadian Edition By Doug McCann

Test Bank for Psychology Themes and Variations, 6th Canadian Edition By Doug McCann Name: Class: Date: Chapter 1 - The Evolution of Psychology Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 1 Multiple Choice 1. The term “psychology” comes from the Greek words psyche and logos. What does logos mean? a. the study of a subject b. the soul c. logic d. discipline ANSWER: a 2. Psychological research is sometimes distorted or grossly simplified in media coverage, leading to misinformation or misconceptions. Which of the following statements is NOT one of the popular myths or misconceptions related to psychology, according to your textbook? a. Most people use only 10 percent of their brain. b. Hypnosis is useful for retrieving memories of forgotten events. c. The polygraph (“lie detector”) test is an accurate means of detecting dishonesty. d. The titles “psychologist” and “psychiatrist” refer to different professions. ANSWER: d 3. According to historians, when and where did the “birth” of psychology occur? a. 1859 in England b. 1879 in Germany c. 1883 in the United States d. 1909 in Austria ANSWER: b 4. Which of the following people is credited as being the “founder of psychology”? a. Edward Titchener b. William James c. Sigmund Freud d. Wilhelm Wundt ANSWER: d 5. According to Wilhelm Wundt, what was the focus of psychology? a. to understand functions of behaviour b. to understand unconscious motivation c. the scientific study of observable behaviour d. the scientific study of conscious experience ANSWER: d 6. What did Wilhelm Wundt believe the focus of psychology should be? a. studying stimulus-response associations b. questioning the nature of existence c. examining people’s awareness of their immediate experience d. determining people’s unconscious motivation for behaviour ANSWER: c 7. Edward Titchener, who established one of the first psychological research laboratories in the United States, is associated with which of the following schools of psychology? a. functionalism b. behaviourism Name: Class: Date: Chapter 1 - The Evolution of Psychology Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 2 c. humanism d. structuralism ANSWER: d 8. What were the first two major schools of psychology? a. functionalism and behaviourism b. behaviourism and psychoanalytic theory c. behaviourism and Gestalt psychology d. structuralism and functionalism ANSWER: d 9. Which of the following individuals would be most likely to use the technique of introspection in psychological research? a. Sigmund Freud b. Abraham Maslow c. John Watson d. Edward Titchener ANSWER: d 10. Which school of psychology focused on identifying and examining the fundamental components of conscious experience, such as sensations, feelings, and images? a. humanism b. structuralism c. functionalism d. behaviourism ANSWER: b 11. Which of the following types of psychologist was most likely to use the technique of introspection? a. structuralist b. behaviourist c. cognitive d. humanist ANSWER: a 12. Mariska is participating in a study in which she is asked to carefully observe and report her conscious reactions to several stimuli. Which type of psychologist is most likely to conduct a study like this? a. structuralist b. humanist c. behaviourist d. psychoanalytic ANSWER: a 13. Isabel is listening to a piece of classical music and recording all her feelings and impressions as she experiences them. Which school of psychology was most well-known for using this sort of technique? a. humanism b. structuralism c. functionalism d. behaviourism ANSWER: b 14. To learn something about his conscious experience, William looked at an abstract painting and wrote down all of his impressions as they came to him. What is the biggest limitation to this method? a. It relies on sensation and perception. b. It is overly objective and empirical. c. The experiences cannot be verified. d. There is no test-retest reliability. ANSWER: c Name: Class: Date: Chapter 1 - The Evolution of Psychology Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 3 15. Dr. Asgaard believes that to fully understand complex processes, such as auditory processing, it is first necessary to understand all the separate component parts. Which psychologist would be most likely to share Dr. Asgaard’s views? a. Ivan Pavlov b. Carl Rogers c. William James d. Edward Titchener ANSWER: d 16. Which field in psychology is closest to the school of psychology known as structuralism? a. sensation and perception b. evolutionary psychology c. clinical psychology d. social psychology ANSWER: a 17. Which school of psychology focused on understanding the purpose of behaviour? a. structuralism b. functionalism c. neodynamism d. behaviourism ANSWER: b 18. Which of the following pioneers of psychology is most associated with the school of psychology known as functionalism? a. Margo Wilson b. Elizabeth Loftus c. Mary Whiton Calkins d. Doreen Kimura ANSWER: c 19. Which statement is most likely to be made by a researcher who studies pain perception from a functionalist perspective? a. We can understand pain perception only if we understand the unconscious processes that initiate the sensation of pain. b. We can study pain only by observing the outward expression of pain in response to different stimuli. c. We can study pain only if all the component parts that make up the experience of pain are understood. d. We can understand pain perception only if we understand the role of pain in human survival and adaptation. ANSWER: d 20. Which school of psychology stressed that psychology should study the purpose of consciousness rather than the individual components of consciousness? a. psychoanalysis b. structuralism c. Gestalt psychology d. functionalism ANSWER: d 21. Dr. Smythe believes that to fully understand complex processes, such as taste, it is necessary to understand the role that taste plays in survival, not the elementary components that combine to produce taste sensations. With which school of thought are Dr. Smythe’s views most consistent? Name: Class: Date: Chapter 1 - The Evolution of Psychology Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 4 a. structuralist approach b. behaviourist approach c. functionalist approach d. psychoanalytic approach ANSWER: c 22. Dr. Ramos believes that it is not possible to fully understand emotions unless we understand the role that emotions play in survival and adaptation. With which theorist are Dr. Ramos’s views most consistent with? a. Ivan Pavlov b. Carl Rogers c. Edward Titchener d. William James ANSWER: d 23. What is the term used by William James to describe a continuous flow of thoughts? a. phenomenological flow b. stream of consciousness c. transcendental meditation d. existential awareness ANSWER: b 24. What was an early approach in psychology that fostered the development of modern-day applied psychology and behaviourism? a. Gestalt psychology b. functionalism c. pragmatism d. structuralism ANSWER: b 25. Who was the first woman in the United States to receive a Ph.D. in psychology? a. Mary Calkins b. Anna Freud c. Margaret Floy Washburn d. Leta Hollingworth ANSWER: c 26. Which of the following is Leta Hollingworth best known for? a. her research on intelligence and the psychology of women b. founding one of the early psychology laboratories in the United States c. being the first woman to receive a Ph.D. in psychology d. being the first female president of the American Psychological Association ANSWER: a 27. is considered the founder of functionalism, while is considered the founder of behaviourism. a. William James; B. F. Skinner b. Wilhelm Wundt; B. F. Skinner c. Wilhelm Wundt; John Watson d. William James; John Watson ANSWER: d 28. Which psychologist proposed that the study of consciousness should be replaced by the study of behaviour? a. G. Stanley Hall b. John B. Watson c. Sigmund Freud d. Abraham Maslow Name: Class: Date: Chapter 1 - The Evolution of Psychology Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 5 ANSWER: b 29. Which theoretical orientation insisted that observations be verifiable? a. behaviourism b. functionalism c. psychoanalysis d. structuralism ANSWER: a 30. What did John B. Watson argue that psychologists should do? a. confine their work to people who are diagnosed as mentally ill b. use the method of introspection to establish the structural aspects of consciousness c. abandon the study of consciousness d. concern themselves with the intentionality of behaviour ANSWER: c 31. According to John Watson, what primarily governs behaviour? a. personal motives b. heredity c. environment d. unconscious desires ANSWER: c 32. Which statement would a strict behaviourist most likely agree with? a. The primary causes for human behaviour are unknown. b. Human behaviour is caused primarily by environmental factors. c. Human behaviour is caused primarily by inherited factors. d. Human behaviour is caused primarily by equal contributions of inherited and environmental factors. ANSWER: b 33. What did Watson state that psychologists should study? a. only the things that people, because those are observable behaviours b. only the things that people do as a result of experience, because reflexes are not valid behaviours c. things that people do, think, and feel d. only the things that people think and feel, because those are psychological processes ANSWER: a 34. Ariadne believes that individuals learn to be either aggressive or non-aggressive as a result of the experiences they have. With which type of psychology are Ariadne’s views most consistent? a. functionalist b. structuralist c. psychoanalytic d. behaviourist ANSWER: d 35. Which of the following statements best reflects the past and current status of behaviourism? a. Behaviourism exerted and continues to exert a tremendous influence on other disciplines, but not on psychology. Name: Class: Date: Chapter 1 - The Evolution of Psychology Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 6 b. Behaviourism was highly influential in psychology’s history, but has been largely abandoned; it exerts little, if any, influence on current mainstream psychology. c. Behaviourism profoundly affected the course of psychology, and although its influence has diminished, it continues to impact the field today. d. Behaviourism was never highly influential in any discipline, being a fringe perspective within psychology. ANSWER: c 36. Lynelle teases her brother and then he starts crying. If you describe the teasing as a stimulus, and the crying as a response to that stimulus, what type of analysis are you conducting? a. structuralist b. behaviourist c. psychoanalytic d. functionalist ANSWER: b 37. Which of the following early scientists most heavily influenced the later school of behaviourism? a. Ivan Pavlov b. Charles Darwin c. John Locke d. Sir Francis Galton ANSWER: a 38. Which of the following pioneers of psychology was also a major pioneer of the advertising industry, developing techniques still used today, such as fear appeals, testimonials, the selling of prestige, and the promotion of style over substance? a. Wilhelm Wundt b. John Watson c. Edward Titchener d. William James ANSWER: b 39. In an interview with a parenting magazine, an expert suggests that parents with troublesome children need to change the environmental patterns in which the children are being raised. Suggestions include consistently praising the types of behaviour that parents want to see in their children and avoiding accidentally rewarding children (by giving them attention) for less desirable actions. The expert’s views are most closely aligned with which of the following psychological approaches? a. positive psychology b. humanist c. psychoanalytic d. behaviourist ANSWER: d 40. Which school of psychology was most responsible for the rise of animal research in psychology? a. structuralism b. psychoanalysis c. behaviourism d. Gestaltism ANSWER: c 41. If Dr. Scott chooses to conduct experiments with animals to exert more experimental control over the study, which type of researcher is Dr. Scott? a. psychoanalytic b. behaviourist Name: Class: Date: Chapter 1 - The Evolution of Psychology Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 7 c. structuralist d. Gestaltist ANSWER: b 42. Dr. Tsang is a psychologist who conducts research on the effects of reward on maze learning in rats. Which type of psychologist is Dr. Tsang? a. behaviourist b. structuralist c. Gestaltist d. psychoanalytic ANSWER: a 43. Which statement best reflects the main advantage of conducting psychological research with animals? a. With research on animals, there are no ethical issues to be concerned with. b. In their biological makeup, animals are fundamentally similar to humans. c. A researcher can exert more control over an animal than over a human subject. d. It is much cheaper to conduct research on animals than on humans. ANSWER: c 44. Sigmund Freud developed an innovative procedure for treating people with psychological problems. What did he call this procedure? a. rational-emotive therapy b. behaviour modification c. primal therapy d. psychoanalysis ANSWER: d 45. According to Sigmund Freud, what determines an individual’s personality? a. strivings for superiority b. forces in the unconscious c. self-actualizing tendencies d. forces in the environment ANSWER: b 46. You are interviewing a new member of the psychology department for the university newspaper. The faculty member states: “Many times people are unaware of the unconscious motivations that drive their overt actions.” Which theorist is this faculty member’s view most similar to? a. Wilhelm Wundt b. Carl Rogers c. Ivan Pavlov d. Sigmund Freud ANSWER: d 47. What did Freud conclude are the dominant causes of psychological disturbances? a. conflicts between conscious desires and environmental constraints b. personal conflicts existing at an unconscious level c. unrealistic demands from family and friends d. genetic predispositions to behave in a particular way ANSWER: b 48. How did Freud’s theories about human behaviour differ from prevailing viewpoints in the early 1900s? a. He proposed the existence of free will. Name: Class: Date: Chapter 1 - The Evolution of Psychology Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 8 b. He saw people as not fully aware of the forces that control their behaviour. c. He emphasized environmental forces on behaviour. d. He saw abnormal behaviour as resulting from biological causes. ANSWER: b 49. In which of the following ways was Freud’s psychoanalytic theory a major departure from the prevailing beliefs of the time? a. because of its use of introspection b. because of its emphasis on unconscious motivation c. because of its focus on the role of heredity d. because of its explanations in terms of stimulus-response associations ANSWER: b 50. Liserel is a graduate student who believes that the best approach to the study of psychology is to focus exclusively on the unconscious determinants of behaviour. Which perspective matches Liserel’s views toward the study of psychology? a. humanistic b. psychoanalytic c. structuralist d. cognitive ANSWER: b 51. What do behaviourism and psychoanalytic theory have in common? a. an emphasis on the role of sexuality in behaviour b. the implication that people are not necessarily in complete control of behaviour c. the notion that unconscious motives have a major influence on behaviour d. a resistance to the use of animal subjects in psychological research ANSWER: b 52. Much like Freud, Skinner’s views on human behaviour were controversial and often criticized. Which controversies were predominant for each of Freud and Skinner? a. Freud’s focus on sexual motivation and Skinner’s suggestion that free will was an illusion b. Freud’s focus on sexual motivation and Skinner’s belief that maladaptive behaviour was biological in origin c. Freud’s insensitive treatment of patients and Skinner’s violation of existing animal ethics rules d. Freud’s focus on conscious processes and Skinner’s focus on unconscious processes ANSWER: a 53. Which statement best reflects the current status of Freud’s psychoanalytic theory? a. Freud’s views exert a tremendous influence on other disciplines, but not on psychology. b. Freud’s views have been largely abandoned and they exert relatively little, if any, influence on current mainstream psychology. c. Many psychoanalytic concepts have filtered into the mainstream of psychology. d. Freud’s views exert a tremendous influence on developmental and abnormal psychology, but not on Name: Class: Date: Chapter 1 - The Evolution of Psychology Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 9 other areas of mainstream psychology. ANSWER: c 54. Who took the position that organisms tend to repeat responses that lead to positive outcomes and tend not to repeat responses that lead to neutral or negative outcomes? a. Abraham Maslow b. Carl Rogers c. B. F. Skinner d. Sigmund Freud ANSWER: c 55. With which individual is B. F. Skinner most in agreement on the issue of internal mental events? a. Abraham Maslow b. Sigmund Freud c. John Watson d. Wilhelm Wundt ANSWER: c 56. Janet trained her dog to sit on command by rewarding the dog’s behaviour of sitting with a dog biscuit and praise. Which psychological perspective’s methods did Janet use? a. psychoanalysis b. humanism c. functionalism d. behaviourism ANSWER: d 57. A study determines that rats can be trained to press a lever if lever pressing is followed by the presentation of food. Of the following theorists, who would be most likely to have devised this study? a. Wilhelm Wundt b. Abraham Maslow c. B. F. Skinner d. William James ANSWER: c 58. You are interviewing a new member of the psychology department for the university newspaper. The faculty member states, “Sure, people have emotions and thoughts and dreams, but you don’t have to study those things in order to predict behaviour.” Which theorist’s views are most similar to the views held by this faculty member? a. Sigmund Freud b. B. F. Skinner c. William James d. Carl Rogers ANSWER: b 59. What is most likely to be studied by a behaviourist? a. animal training methods b. emotional reactions to trauma c. reaction time in response to complex words d. how children develop humour ANSWER: a 60. Marissa wants to study people’s emotional reactions to increases in temperature. Her classmate, Bernard, tells her that her study should focus on observable behaviours, rather than thoughts or feelings. Which Name: Class: Date: Chapter 1 - The Evolution of Psychology Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 10 psychological perspective is consistent with Bernard’s advice? a. evolutionary b. psychodynamic c. humanist d. behavioural