Advanced Pathophysiology HESI final Exam: Latest Updated; Questions & Answers

Pathophysiology HESI final What kind of nursing implications will come with diverticulosis? - ANSWER encourage 2-3 L of fluid per day, assess stools for color, consistency, frequency, and presence, and offer high dietary roughage. What are the warning signs of hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state - ANSWER polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia and also an elevated fever What is the glucose level in a hyperosmolar hyperglycemia state? - ANSWER above 600 How severe is the dehydration that comes with hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state? - ANSWER it is so bad it can send you into a diabetic coma. What are the classifications of osteoporosis? - ANSWER type 1 is associated with early menopausal estrogen deficiency, type 2 is senile osteoporosis with calcium with calcium deficiency What kind of nursing implications come with osteoporosis? - ANSWER implement an exercise regimen that incorporates weight bearing exercises and instruct on adequate calcium intake through diet or supplements How can you test HCG. hormones - ANSWER you can test for detection by blood test about 11 days after conceptions and about 14 days after conception by urine test. The levels will peak in the first 8-11 weeks Explain starling's law - ANSWER the greater the muscle fibers are stretched, the more the heart can pump out blood more forcefully, so the CO will be increased. What is tissue plasminogen activator? - ANSWER it is an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of plasminogen to plasmin, the major enzyme responsible for clot breakdown When would you use tissue plasminogen activator? - ANSWER for treatment of acute ischemic stroke What is cardiac tamponade? - ANSWER It is compression of heart muscles by excess fluid or blood within the pericardial sac What would you hear in someone who has cardiac tamponade? - ANSWER you would hear a friction rub Where do you want your HDL levels to be at? - ANSWER above 35mg/dL What is the most abundant plasma protein? - ANSWER albumin What is the purpose of albumin? - ANSWER it helps move many small molecules through the blood When would you have decreased albumin? - ANSWER After weight-loss surgery, Crohn's disease, low-protein diets, sprue, whipple disease What are the 2 dysfunctions of CHF - ANSWER diastolic dysfunction and systolic dysfunction What is diastolic dysfunction? - ANSWER occurs when ventricles pump against extremely high afterload as in primary HTN What is systolic dysfunction - ANSWER occurs when ventricles experience damage as in MI and ventricle cannot contract effectively. This leads to an increase in preload. What is the pathological definition of emphysema? - ANSWER It is breakdown of elastin and collagen fiber network of alveoli whereby alveoli enlarge or walls are destroyed. How would a person's breathing be affected with emphysema? - ANSWER The person would starts to hyperventilate to maintain ABGs. Cyanosis will come later in emphysema. What is the cause of Addison's disease? - ANSWER it is a deficit of adrenocorticotropic hormones. What kind of traumas can cause hypo function of the adrenal cortex? - ANSWER surgical removal, infection or tumor of adrenal glands, head trauma (because it affects the pituitary) How is sodium affected in decreased function of the adrenal hormones? - ANSWER increased NA excretion. What is pannus - ANSWER vascular granulation tissue that forms in synovial membrane of clients with RA What are the diagnostic criteria for RA? - ANSWER morning stiffness for at least 1 hour and persisting over at least 6 weeks, arthritis with swelling or effusion of 3 or more joints persisting for at least 6 weeks. What can exacerbate MS - ANSWER stress, pregnancy, illness, fever, and fatigue What are the signs/symptoms of MS - ANSWER visual disturbances, spasticity of muscles, nystagmus, tremors, and gait instability What are the types shock? - ANSWER hypoventilation, cardiogenic, obstructive, or disruptive What causes diabetes insipidus? - ANSWER ADH insufficiency, results in excess fluid excretion cholelithiasis - ANSWER condition where there are stones present in the gall bladder How are gallstones formed? - ANSWER they formed when cholesterol and calcium precipitate as solid crystals within mucous lining of gallbladder What kind of foods should you avoid with cholelithiasis? - ANSWER high fat foods, whole milk products, hot dogs, chocolate and cheese When would you use in an intra-aortic balloon pump? - ANSWER in cardiogenic shock What would the ST segment look like post MI? - ANSWER a straight line between S wave and the beginning of the T wave What is the glucose level for hyperglycemia in diabetes? - ANSWER above 250 What will you find in the urine with diabetes? - ANSWER ketones and glucose What is the hyper osmolality level in HHNK - ANSWER above 310 What is in the urine with HHNK? - ANSWER glucose What is the level of hypoglycemia? - ANSWER below 70 What are the microvascular complications for diabetes? - ANSWER neuropathy, nephropathy, retinopathy, cardiopathy (heart disease), foot ulcerations What are the stages of general adaptation syndrome - ANSWER alarm, resistance, exhaustion What is dysentery? - ANSWER inflammation of the intestine causing diarrhea with blood. Where does amylase get produced? - ANSWER it is produced by the salivary glands and pancreas. What is benign prostatic hypertrophy? - ANSWER noncancerous enlargement of prostate gland because of hyperplasia or hypertrophy. High amylase and lipase indicate? - ANSWER pancreatitis. Why does BPH occur? - ANSWER because of an increased estrogen and a decrease in testosterone What is the cause of PAD and CAD? - ANSWER atherosclerosis