Processes
Q2.
“How is a process scheduled in an operating system? Your answer should consider the relationship
between the process lifecycle, process control blocks, scheduler queues and the operating system
scheduler.”
-define process
A process is recognised as being a task, a computer program in execution.
-explain process lifecycle (five states that a process can be in)
Firstly, in order to explain how a process is scheduled in an operating system, it is crucial to
comprehend process and the phases throughout its lifecycle. The process can be running or idle but
can only run one at a time. When a process is first created, it is placed in the new state and once this
is complete it will be placed in the ready state. Once a CPU core is available to execute a process, it
will transfer from the ready state to the running state to execute the process. The execution of a
process may not be as simple and could result in an interruption. This would place the process back
into the ready state – additionally the process may need to initiate a longer operation and therefore
will place the process into the waiting state. Once the event occurs or is complete, it will then
transfer to the ready phase. Once the process has been complete and executed from the running
phase, it will exit the state and enter the terminated phase. However, the process may not result in a
success exit code and may terminate if an error occurs.
-state diagram
,-explain process control blocks (What information is held in the PCB)
The role of the process control block (PCB) is to store the information regarding a process. Each
process in the operating system is represented by a process control block. The process control block
includes the process state. This is able to represent what state a process is in, within a particular
moment. The program counter indicates the address of the next instruction to be executed within
the process. Within the process control block, CPU registers are also included, which represents the
registers that are being used by a process. For example, index registers, stack pointers or general
process registers. Additionally, CPU scheduling information includes the priority of the processes as
well as the pointers to scheduling queue or any other scheduling parameters. The memory
management information represents the memory that is being used by a process, which includes the
value of the base and limit registers or the segments tables. The accounting information includes the
amount of resources being used. For example, the time, CPU or memory and will store this
information in the process control block. Lastly, the I/O status information which represents the I/O
devices allocated to a process.
-explain scheduler queues (How many scheduling queues are there?) Give an example in relation to
the process lifecycle
The process scheduler has the role to organise which processes to run and therefore needs
scheduler queues. This includes the three, Job queue which includes all processes in the system as
whenever a process enters the system it is placed in the Job queue. Additionally, the ready queue
focuses on the processes that are stored within the main memory and waiting to be executed. Lastly,
the device queue which contains a list of processes that are waiting for any I/O device. The device
queue is available to store the list of processes waiting to use the device which may be unavailable
as it is working on another process I/O request. These scheduler queues contribute towards process
scheduling and plays a crucial role in organising how is a process scheduled in an operating system.
For example, a process may be in the ready state, and once the process transfers to the running
state and executed, may issue an I/O request and therefore will be placed in an I/O device queue.
Once the request is fulfilled it will be placed in the ready queue to then be executed in the running
phase.
, -explain operating system scheduler (Types/Objectives)
Schedulers carry out the selection process for when a process transfers to different scheduling
queues throughout the process lifetime. The different types of operation system schedulers include
the CPU scheduler. This is known as the Short term scheduler and this has the object to select which
process is to be executed next and allocated it to the CPU. Therefore, contributes towards
Long-term scheduler (or job scheduler)
Long-term scheduler strives for good process mix
Selects which processes should be brought into the ready queue
Long-term scheduler is invoked infrequently (seconds, minutes) (may be slow)
The long-term scheduler controls the degree of multiprogramming
Processes can be described as either:
I/O-bound process – spends more time doing I/O than computations, many short CPU bursts
CPU-bound process – spends more time doing computations; few very long CPU bursts
Long-term scheduler strives for good process mix
Conc: overall all these things help schedule a process…
Q2.
“How is a process scheduled in an operating system? Your answer should consider the relationship
between the process lifecycle, process control blocks, scheduler queues and the operating system
scheduler.”
-define process
A process is recognised as being a task, a computer program in execution.
-explain process lifecycle (five states that a process can be in)
Firstly, in order to explain how a process is scheduled in an operating system, it is crucial to
comprehend process and the phases throughout its lifecycle. The process can be running or idle but
can only run one at a time. When a process is first created, it is placed in the new state and once this
is complete it will be placed in the ready state. Once a CPU core is available to execute a process, it
will transfer from the ready state to the running state to execute the process. The execution of a
process may not be as simple and could result in an interruption. This would place the process back
into the ready state – additionally the process may need to initiate a longer operation and therefore
will place the process into the waiting state. Once the event occurs or is complete, it will then
transfer to the ready phase. Once the process has been complete and executed from the running
phase, it will exit the state and enter the terminated phase. However, the process may not result in a
success exit code and may terminate if an error occurs.
-state diagram
,-explain process control blocks (What information is held in the PCB)
The role of the process control block (PCB) is to store the information regarding a process. Each
process in the operating system is represented by a process control block. The process control block
includes the process state. This is able to represent what state a process is in, within a particular
moment. The program counter indicates the address of the next instruction to be executed within
the process. Within the process control block, CPU registers are also included, which represents the
registers that are being used by a process. For example, index registers, stack pointers or general
process registers. Additionally, CPU scheduling information includes the priority of the processes as
well as the pointers to scheduling queue or any other scheduling parameters. The memory
management information represents the memory that is being used by a process, which includes the
value of the base and limit registers or the segments tables. The accounting information includes the
amount of resources being used. For example, the time, CPU or memory and will store this
information in the process control block. Lastly, the I/O status information which represents the I/O
devices allocated to a process.
-explain scheduler queues (How many scheduling queues are there?) Give an example in relation to
the process lifecycle
The process scheduler has the role to organise which processes to run and therefore needs
scheduler queues. This includes the three, Job queue which includes all processes in the system as
whenever a process enters the system it is placed in the Job queue. Additionally, the ready queue
focuses on the processes that are stored within the main memory and waiting to be executed. Lastly,
the device queue which contains a list of processes that are waiting for any I/O device. The device
queue is available to store the list of processes waiting to use the device which may be unavailable
as it is working on another process I/O request. These scheduler queues contribute towards process
scheduling and plays a crucial role in organising how is a process scheduled in an operating system.
For example, a process may be in the ready state, and once the process transfers to the running
state and executed, may issue an I/O request and therefore will be placed in an I/O device queue.
Once the request is fulfilled it will be placed in the ready queue to then be executed in the running
phase.
, -explain operating system scheduler (Types/Objectives)
Schedulers carry out the selection process for when a process transfers to different scheduling
queues throughout the process lifetime. The different types of operation system schedulers include
the CPU scheduler. This is known as the Short term scheduler and this has the object to select which
process is to be executed next and allocated it to the CPU. Therefore, contributes towards
Long-term scheduler (or job scheduler)
Long-term scheduler strives for good process mix
Selects which processes should be brought into the ready queue
Long-term scheduler is invoked infrequently (seconds, minutes) (may be slow)
The long-term scheduler controls the degree of multiprogramming
Processes can be described as either:
I/O-bound process – spends more time doing I/O than computations, many short CPU bursts
CPU-bound process – spends more time doing computations; few very long CPU bursts
Long-term scheduler strives for good process mix
Conc: overall all these things help schedule a process…
