Advanced Patho exam 3 practice questions

Myocardial contraction is highly dependent upon the intracellular concentration of which ion? - answer-Calcium Myocardial contraction is highly dependent upon the intracellular concentration of calcium. The greater the amount of intracellular calcium, the greater the contraction A 74-year-old female presents to the emergency department after having a syncopal episode. On examination the patient is noted to have a systolic murmur at the second intercostal space, right of the sternal border which radiates to the neck. Which of the following is the most likely cause of the syncope? - answer-Aortic Stenosis Aortic stenosis is more common in females and the elderly. An aortic stenosis causes a decrease in cerebral perfusion which may result in syncope. What are the clinical manifestations of Mitral Regurgitation? - answer-Systolic murmurs which radiate to the axilla originate from the mitral valve. A valve which has regurgitation allows some blood to flow back through the valve during the cardiac cycle. At which age, after birth, is pulmonary resistance equal to that of an adult? - answer-8 weeks Which patient is at the most risk for developing heart failure? - answer-A 45-year-old male with a history of uncontrolled hypertension, diabetes, and CAD. An 84-year-old female patient with a history of severe aortic stenosis is going to surgery tomorrow for a repair of a right hip fracture. Which of the following complications is the patient most likely to have post-operatively? - answer-Pulmonary edema Aortic Stenosis - answer-Aortic stenosis is a narrowing of the aortic valve. Blood from the left ventricle passes through the aortic valve into the aorta to perfuse the body. The more severe the narrowing of the aortic valve, the less blood moves through the valve to perfuse the body. As a result blood backs up in the left ventricle and over time causes left ventricular hypertrophy. The backup of blood will also eventually cause left atrial hypertrophy, left-sided heart failure, pulmonary HTN, right ventricular hypertrophy and right-sided heart failure. A patient