NR 325 Exam 1 2023

NR 325 Exam 1 2023 glucagon, epinephrine, growth hormone [GH], cortisol work against the effects of insulin There are several hormones that combat insulin that are known as counterregulatory hormones, what are they? These hormones increase blood glucose levels by (1) stimulating glucose production and release by the liver and (2) decreasing the movement of glucose into the cells. The counterregulatory hormones and insulin work together to maintain blood glucose levels within the normal range How do the counterregulatory hormones (glucagon, epinephrine, growth hormone, cortisol) work against the effects of insulin? Brainpower Read More Previous Play Next Rewind 10 seconds Move forward 10 seconds Unmute 0:00 / 0:00 Full screen Pancreatic β-cell function and insulin levels. Measuring C-peptide in serum and urine is a useful clinical indicator of what? stores and releases oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone produced by the hypothalamus What does the posterior pituitary gland store/ secrete? growth hormone (GH), or somatotropin thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), or thyrotropin corticotropin follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) luteinizing hormone (LH) prolactin What are the six hormones that the anterior pituitary gland secretes? Triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4), collectively referred to as thyroid hormone, are the body's major metabolic hormones. Calcitonin maintains the blood calcium level by inhibiting the release of calcium from bone (decreasing serum calcium) The two lobes of the thyroid function as one unit to produce two hormones, what are they? The serum albumin; Part of the total calcium is bound to albumin, so hypoalbuminemia can lead to misinterpretation of calcium levels. Which additional information should the nurse consider when reviewing the laboratory results for a patient's total calcium level? Avoided; When the patient is ketotic, exercise may result in an increase in blood glucose level. If a type one diabetic patient has ketones in their urine, should exercise be encouraged or avoided? The most important goal is to reduce the patient's hemoglobin level to less than 7.. What is the most important goal for the nurse to incorporate when caring for a patient with type 2 diabetes and a BMI of 31? a rise in serum creatinine and/or a reduction in urine output. AKI can develop over hours or days with progressive elevations of blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, and potassium with or without a reduction in urine output. AKI is characterized by a rapid loss of kidney function. This loss is accompanied by... An accumulation of nitrogenous waste products (urea nitrogen, creatinine) in the blood. The severity of dysfunction with AKI can range from a small increase in serum creatinine or reduction in urine output to the development of azotemia, which is what? hypovolemia, or exposure to a nephrotoxic agent AKI often follows severe, prolonged hypotension, and what two other things? prerenal, intrarenal (or intrinsic), and postrenal causes There are three categories of causes of AKI, what are they? Acute tubular necrosis What is the MOST common cause of AKI? Diabetic nephropathy What is the most common cause of chronic kidney disease? GFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m2 for >3 mo AND/OR Kidney damage >3 mo What are the diagnostic criteria for chronic kidney disease? systemic circulation, causing a reduction in renal blood flow. The decrease in blood flow leads to decreased glomerular perfusion and filtration of the kidneys. Prerenal causes of AKI are factors that reduce... oliguric, diuretic, and recovery. When a patient does not recover from AKI, CKD may develop. Clinically, AKI may progress through phases, what are they? the neck veins may become distended with a bounding pulse. Edema and hypertension may develop. Fluid overload can eventually lead to HF, pulmonary edema, and pericardial and pleural effusions. Hypovolemia (volume depletion) has the potential to worsen all forms of AKI. Fluid replacement is often enough to treat many forms of AKI, especially prerenal causes. When urine output decreases, fluid retention occurs. The severity of the manifestations depends on the extent of the fluid overload. In the case of reduced urine output (anuria and oliguria), what are things that may happen? Damaged tubules cannot conserve sodium. Urinary sodium excretion may increase, resulting in normal or below-normal levels of serum sodium. Excess sodium intake is avoided because it can lead to volume expansion, hypertension, and HF. Uncontrolled hyponatremia or water excess can lead to cerebral edema. What happens to sodium balance with impaired kidneys? The kidneys normally excrete 80% to 90% of the body's potassium. In AKI the serum potassium level increases because the kidney's normal ability to excrete potassium is impaired. What happens to potassium levels with impaired kidneys