NRS 325 (UP) Exam 12023

NRS 325 (UP) Exam 12023 definition of cellular regulation - CORRECT ANSWERS refers to all functions carried out within a cell to maintain homeostasis including its responses to extracellular signals (e.g., hormones, cytokines, and neurotransmitters) and the way each cell produces an intracellular response attributes of cellular regulation - CORRECT ANSWERS growth, reproduction, proliferation, differentiation What is cell proliferation? - CORRECT ANSWERS process by which cells divide and reproduce What is cell differentiation? - CORRECT ANSWERS the process by which unspecialized cells (stem cells) develop into their mature forms and functions what is cell replication? - CORRECT ANSWERS 1 cell divides into 2 cells What is a benign tumor? - CORRECT ANSWERS A non-cancerous tumor that does not spread what is a malignant tumor? - CORRECT ANSWERS A mass of cancer cells that can spread. It grows rapidly and spreads to other tissues. What is atrophy? - CORRECT ANSWERS loss of cells/tissue mass What is hypertrophy? - CORRECT ANSWERS stress response to increased metabolic demands - cells increase in size but not number, cells will likely not function normally - causes effected tissues/organs to increase in size (swell) but decrease in function What is hyperplasia? - CORRECT ANSWERS increase in number of cells, but not in size (still under DNA control) - causes swelling and decreased cell function What is metaplasia? - CORRECT ANSWERS Transforms a cell from one type to another; caused by external stimulus; can be reversible; less likely to lead to cancer. - Most commonly involves a change of one type of surface epithelium to another - (ex. burning your esophagus from smoking could lead to the squamous epithelium turning into columnar epithelium, but this will revert back to normal if you stop smoking) DNA STILL HAS CONTROL OVER DIFFERENTIATION what is dysplasia? - CORRECT ANSWERS Transforms a cell into an abnormal version of itself; caused by internal stimulus; is not reversible; more likely to lead to cancer. - (ex. changes in the cervix in response to continued irritation, such as from the human papillomavirus (HPV)) LOSS OF DNA CONTROL over differentiation due to stress what are characteristics of normal, functioning cells? - CORRECT ANSWERS - small, uniformly-shaped nuclei with large cytoplasmic volume - conformity in cell shape, size and arrangement - cell membrane contains proper cell markers and shape - undergo division and replication at appropriate times what are characteristics of cancer cells? - CORRECT ANSWERS - large, variably shaped nuclei with small cytoplasmic volume - variation/disorganization in cell shape, size and arrangement - loss of specialized cell features, elevated expression of cell membrane markers - cell division occurs rapidly and at inappropriate times what is intestinal metaplasia? - CORRECT ANSWERS - occurs in the esophagus - mucosa cell type changes (could be due to chronic acid reflux) - could lead to difficulty swallowing, inflammation, possibly cancer What is left ventricular hypertrophy? - CORRECT ANSWERS - increase in the size of the cells increasing the size of the left ventricle - could lead to heart arrhythmia/palpitations, chest pain, dizziness, shortness of breath (especially while lying down) - could be caused by high blood pressure what is cerebral atrophy? - CORRECT ANSWERS loss of nerve cells (neurons) in the brain and the connections between them - could be caused by alzhiemers, stroke, traumatic brain injury, etc - could lead to memory loss, loss of sensation/paralysis, loss of vision/hearing, disturbance/loss of speaking abilities (aphasia) what is benign prostatic hypertrophy? - CORRECT ANSWERS enlargement of the prostate gland due to an increase in prostate cell size - could be caused by hormone changes due to age - could lead to urinary frequency/urgency/incontinence, inability to fully empty