CNUR 203 Midterm correctly answered rated A+ 2023/2024

CNUR 203 Midterm Acute wound - correct answer wound that heals within days to weeks, normal repair, if not normal may become chronic, surgical or trauma Chronic wound - correct answer doesn’t heal via normal process, weeks to months, pressure injuries, neuropathies What are the stages of normal wound healing? - correct answer 1) hemostasis 2) acute inflammation 3) granulation/proliferation 4) maturation/scar contraction hemostasis wound healing stage - correct answer • Initial phase • 3-5 days • Blood clot formed • WBCs migrate to wound (stoppage of bleeding) acute inflammation wound healing stage - correct answer fibrin clots, erythrocytes, neutrophils • Phagocytosis granulation/proliferation wound healing stage - correct answer 5 days - 3 weeks • Fibroblasts • = Collagen • = Organized & Structured • = Collagen Matrix • = Scar tissue • Pink and vascular: capillary buds • Fragile • Re-epithelialization maturation/scar contraction wound healing stage - correct answer • 7 days - several months/years • Overlaps with granulation phase • Remodelling of collagen • Fibroblasts disappear • Strengthening of scar • Avascular and pale factors that effect wound healing - correct answer Older Adults • Nutrition • Medication • Lifestyle Who is at risk for pressure injuries? - correct answer People who have a longer duration of pressure to an area on the body (limited mobility, activity, or sensory perception) and people who have lower tissue tolerance (moisture, friction and shear, nutrition) hypotonic solution - correct answer water moves into the cell isotonic solution - correct answer no effect on the cell hypertonic - correct answer pulls water from the cell, 3% saline why would a patient get IV fluids - correct answer maintenance (NPO for test, nausea), replacement (trauma, disease, emesis, diarrhea, and electrolyte imbalance) Colloids - correct answer large mlls (usually protein) dont pass through semi-permeable membrane remain in intravascular compartment oncotic pressure pulls fluid in crystalloid - correct answer small mll that pass through semi-permeable membrane, electrolyte (Na, K+) and non electrolyte (dextrose) What is systolic pressure? - correct answer peak arterial pressure during ventricular systole that occurs during ventricular contraction What is diastolic pressure? - correct answer minimum arterial pressure during diastole before the ventricle ejects blood during relaxation how to calculate cardiac output - correct answer heart rate x stroke volume Hypertension Pathophysiology - correct answer increase in cardiac output and increased systemic vascular resistance (SVR), blood flow to microvascular is diminished, vessels either constrict too much or cannot relax, workload of heart increased (increased O2 demand) hypertension risk factors - correct answer *Non-Modifiable: Family history, age, gender, ethnicity [african american; male] *Modifiable: Obesity, substance abuse, stress, diet, and sedentary lifestyle -Tobacco damages the lining of the artery walls, prone to plaque accumulation. -Nicotine constricts the blood vessels, elevate HR and BP. Lab tests for hypertension - correct answer high sodium, high random glucose, high T cholesterol, high LDL, high triglycerides weight, BMI and hip to waist ratio also important Teaching for hypertension - correct answer diet, exercise,, weight loss, other lifestyle mods, take medication properly dash diet - correct answer Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (more fruits and veg, more grains, less milk, more nuts seeds and beans, less meat) Goal of DASH diet - correct answer sodium restriction to lower BP and lower intake of LDL Hypertension complications - correct answer heart failure, coronary artery disease, left ventricular hypertrophy, TIA, MI, embolic stroke, PAD< end stage organ failure (renal, eyes), premature death Resistant Hypertension - correct answer A form of HBP that is difficult to control and may require three or more different classes of antihypertensive drugs to begin to control blood pressure. Can be caused by sleep apnea and renal artery stenosis valve regurgitation - correct answer backward flow of blood through a heart valve due to incomplete closure of valves valve stenosis - correct answer when valves become narrower than normal, impeding the flow of blood. forward blood flow is impeded, a pressure gradient is created across open valve valve stenosis risk factors - correct answer rheumatic fever, autoimmune inflammatory diseases, endocarditis valve stenosis symtoms - correct answer fatigue and SOBOE. change in structure causes restricted blood flow, increased pressure, and pulmonary vessel hypertrophy (hear a snap after S2)