CSET Subtest 1: Reading, Language, and Literature (2023/2024) Rated A

CSET Subtest 1: Reading, Language, and Literature (2023/2024) Rated A onset and rime parts of spoken language that are smaller than syllables but larger than phonemics phoneme the smallest part of SPOKEN language grapheme the smallest part of WRITTEN language phonics the fairly predictable relationship between phonemes and graphemes phonemic awareness the ability to hear, identify, and manipulate individual sounds in spoken langauge onset the initial consonant sound of a syllable (in bag is 'b' or swim is 'sw') rime part of a syllable that contains a vowel and all that follows it (in bag is 'ag' or in swim is 'im') phonological awareness the broad term that includes the ability to hear, identify, and the focus of phonemic awareness narrow-to identify and manipulate individual sounds in words the focus of phonological awareness broad-identifying and manipulating larger parts of spoken langauge, like words, syllables, onsets and rimes; uses awareness of rhyming, alliteration, and intonation What does phonemic awareness do? helps children learn to read and spell When is phonemic awareness instruction most effective? when children are taught to manipulate phonemes by using letters of the alphabet How many types of phoneme manipulation are most effective for students to use? Children should focus on 1 or 2 types of phoneme awareness fluency to read a text accurately and quickly fluent readers can concentrate on meaning and less on decoding words metacognition thinking about thinking affixes prefixes and suffixes, word parts that are 'fixed' to each other base word words from which other words are formed morphology studies the building blocks of language phonology studies the important sounds in a language phonetics studies all speech sounds in a language and the way they are produced discourse analysis studies longer spoken verbal exchanges, and written texts pragmatics studies how different contexts and social settings impact the way language is used semantics studies meaning in language transformational grammar sentences have a deep meaning (what the writer is thinking) and surface meaning (what is actually written) authentic assessment when students are asked to demonstrate what he/she knows in a variety of settings (portfolios, journals, logs, teacher observations) dependent clause can not stand alone as a sentence independent clause can stand alone as a sentence subordinate clause another term for a dependent clause relative clause dependent clauses that begin with a pronoun like of which, that, which, whichever, who, whoever, whom, whomever, whose linking verbs connect the subject to the words that describe it dangling modifiers appear to modify words in a way that doesn't make sense parallelism helps the reader follow a passage more clearly when two or more ideas are connected diction choosing and using appropriate words, conveys a thought clearly without unnecessary words colloquialism words used frequently in spoken language that are not accepted in formal writing homonyms words that sound alike but have different meanings tone the author's attitude as reflected in a passage ad hominem arguing against a person to discredit their position, rather than an argument against the position itself ad populum an argument that appeals to the emotions of a person bandwagon argument arguing for a position because of its popularity begging the question argument assuming that an argument, or part of an argument, is true without providing proof circular logic argument using a statement of a position to argue in favor of that same position either/or argument stating that the conclusion falls into one of two extremes, when there are more intermediate choices faulty analogy using an analogy as an argument when the analogy does not match the situation under discussion non sequitur a conclusion that does not logically follow from the facts post hoc, ergo propter hoc falsely stating that one event following another is caused by the first event (faulty cause and effect) red herring an irrelevant point, diverting attention from the position under discussion allegory expression in which the characters, story, and setting actually represent other people, settings, or abstract ideas (Aesop's Fables, parables, Gulliver's Travels) alliteration the repetition of an initial consonant in nearby words connotation the secondary meaning that a word represents couplet two successive poetic lines that form a single unit because they rhyme denotation actual meaning of a word essay a fairly brief work that tries to get across a particular point of view or to persuade the reader euphemism a figure of speech in which an inoffensive term is substituted for one that may be offensive or cause distress (ex. pass away for die, or indisposed for ill) hyperbole figure of speech in which a drastic overstatement or understatement is used metaphor figure of speech in which one thing is discussed as though it were something else mixed metaphor figure of speech in which two or more unrelated things are compared and combined (running on empty, the soccer player plowed through the match) onomatopoeia figure of speech where words imitate natural sounds simile figure of speech that compares to different things, usually with the words like, or as (Her eyes are like deep, quiet pools.) expository type of writing that explains simply narration presents a factual or fictional story reflection describes a scene, person, or emotion basal reading reading that is designed to meet the needs of all students, not individualized late 1700s When did children's literature first appear? McGuffey's Readers What was the name of the first reading book for different grade levels that appeared in the 1800s? develop a better attitude toward reading What does the Whole Language Approach help students do? transactional strategy instruction What is give and take between student and teacher as they explore successful reading comprehension? English, not native language What does ESL instruction encourage the use of? no Can Haikus have rhyming pattern? near in space or time What does 'nigh' mean in old English? to cutoff (not pairing, its homonym) What does paring mean?