Freud’s Theory
Iceberg Analogy
Issues with Theory
Conscious- mental processes we are aware of
● Suggests humans do not have free will
Preconscious- memories that can be recalled
● Not empirical
Unconscious- biologically based instincts (secret desire/past trauma) ● Not scientific
● Culturally bias
Structure of the personality
● Gender bias
ID- pleasure principle: primal urges that seek pleasure & instant gratification
Advantages
Ego- reality principle: tames the ID and balances demands of Superego (develops during anal stage)
Superego- morality principle: sense of right and wrong (develops from parent discipline) ● Has helped develop psychotherapeutic techniques
Defence Mechanisms
Repression- traumatic memory forced out of conscious awareness
Denial- refusal to accept the truth or reality of a situation
Displacement- feelings towards a target individual transferred onto someone/something else
Psychosexual stages
Oral- infant experiences pleasure through mouth (0-2) smoking/nail-biting
Anal- Potty training: becomes aware of reality principle (ego develops) Anal retentive/explusive
Phallic- Oedipus complex (3-6) Reckless/narcissistic behaviour
Latent- form relationships focus on world around them (6-puberty)
Genital- adult relationships
, Classical Conditioning
What is it? Key words
Behavior learnt through association
Timing- time interval between neutral stimulus and
Pavlov's dog unconditioned stimulus
Extinction- after a while without unconditioned stimulus,
it loses ability to produce conditioned response
Spontaneous recovery- following extinction link is made
much more quickly
Equation
Stimulus generalisation- animal will respond to similar
Before conditioning: UCS → UCR
stimuli
During: UCS + NS → UCR
After: CS → CR
Iceberg Analogy
Issues with Theory
Conscious- mental processes we are aware of
● Suggests humans do not have free will
Preconscious- memories that can be recalled
● Not empirical
Unconscious- biologically based instincts (secret desire/past trauma) ● Not scientific
● Culturally bias
Structure of the personality
● Gender bias
ID- pleasure principle: primal urges that seek pleasure & instant gratification
Advantages
Ego- reality principle: tames the ID and balances demands of Superego (develops during anal stage)
Superego- morality principle: sense of right and wrong (develops from parent discipline) ● Has helped develop psychotherapeutic techniques
Defence Mechanisms
Repression- traumatic memory forced out of conscious awareness
Denial- refusal to accept the truth or reality of a situation
Displacement- feelings towards a target individual transferred onto someone/something else
Psychosexual stages
Oral- infant experiences pleasure through mouth (0-2) smoking/nail-biting
Anal- Potty training: becomes aware of reality principle (ego develops) Anal retentive/explusive
Phallic- Oedipus complex (3-6) Reckless/narcissistic behaviour
Latent- form relationships focus on world around them (6-puberty)
Genital- adult relationships
, Classical Conditioning
What is it? Key words
Behavior learnt through association
Timing- time interval between neutral stimulus and
Pavlov's dog unconditioned stimulus
Extinction- after a while without unconditioned stimulus,
it loses ability to produce conditioned response
Spontaneous recovery- following extinction link is made
much more quickly
Equation
Stimulus generalisation- animal will respond to similar
Before conditioning: UCS → UCR
stimuli
During: UCS + NS → UCR
After: CS → CR
