Political Science Latest Update Rated A

Political Science Latest Update Rated A Politics who gets what, when and how by Lassell;A non-violent way of determining who holds power and resources in society;A process which attempts to arrange society collectively into a social order social order arrange our collective lives in some kind of social order legitimate powers accepted as "right" government a system of organization for exercising authority over a body of people authority power that citizens view as legitimate or "right", powers to which we have implicitly consented institutions governmental power is exercised economics specifically works with the distribution of societies wealth capitalist economy all means are produced to material resources regulated capitalism Private ownership and open markets are the norm. The government provides procedural guarantees, and acts to ensure the economy runs smoothly, and fairly procedural guarantees rules will work smooth and fairly, government assurance that the rules will work smoothly and treat everyone fairly, with no promise of particular outcomes socialist economy decisions are not made by individuals but are made by politicians based on their judgement of what society needs. substantive guarantees government assurance of particular outcomes or results social democracy is in the middle, a market economy that aims to fulfill substantive goals totalitarian government a system of rule in which the government recognizes no formal limits on its power and seeks to absorb or eliminate other social institutions that might challenge it anarchy the absence of government popular sovereignty where individuals have considerable individuals freedom and the social order provides fair processes rather than specified outcomes. authoritarian government monarchy; theocracy; a fascist government; or an oligarchy ideology A set of beliefs about how the government, the economy, and society should work. conservative Conservatives favor traditional values, are slower to call for change and generally advocate limited government. (right) liberal value possibilities of progress and change, trust government, look for innovations, as answers to social problems (left) French and Indian war battle for america with native americans, spanish, french, and british colonies. British won. declaration of independence "equality of all men" american founders did not include african americans, native americans, or indians in this catergory. Articles of Confederation our first constitution, created the kind of government the founders, fresh from their colonial experience preferred. shays rebellion this conflict in Massachusetts caused many to criticize the Articles of Confederation and admit the weak central government was not working; uprising led by Daniel Shays in an effort to prevent courts from foreclosing on the farms of those who could not pay the taxes federalism giving the central government and states each some power of its own anti-federalist a person who opposed a strong national government Virginia plan favored by large states new Jersey plan which limited power and gave each state equal congressional representation regardless of size great compromise created bicameral legislature three fifths compromise allocate tax assessments among the states. Each slave would count as 3/5 of one person. separation of powers the division of power among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches of government checks and balances areas where the government overlaps electoral college the body of electors who formally elect the United States president and vice-president the federalists papers This collection of essays by John Jay, Alexander Hamilton, and James Madison, explained the importance of a strong central government. It was published to convince New York to ratify the Constitution. Bill of Rights The first ten amendments of the U.S. Constitution, containing a list of individual rights and liberties, such as freedom of speech, religion, and the press. federal system divides powers between a national government and state governments. confederation local units hold all the power and central government is dependent for its existance dual federalism A system of government in which both the states and the national government remain supreme within their own spheres, each responsible for some policies. Examples: 1. Believe in absolutely minimal government involvement in any sphere, economic or social. 2. Government should not infringe on individual rights in any sense (layer cake) McCulloch v. Maryland Maryland was trying to tax the national bank and Supreme Court ruled that federal law was stronger than the state law Gibbons v. Ogden Regulating interstate commerce is a power reserved to the federal government categorical grants giving states money in exchange for them following specific instructions block grants Money given by the federal government with only very broad instructions unfunded mandates giving states no money but expecting compliance with national laws habeas corpus it cannot fail to bring prisoners, at their request, before a judge and inform the court why they are being held and what is evidence is against. bills of attainder laws that single out a person or group as guilty impose punishment without trial ex post facto laws which are laws carried out which make an action a crime after the fact. Lemon Test justices had to decide how much entanglement there was between politics and religion due process of law these laws must be reasonable and fair and that those accused of breaking the law-and who to stand to lose life liberty or property as a consequence-have the right to legal counsel. rules A series of directives which specify how power and resources are divided and what procedures govern collective action. Aristotle believed.. that humans are political beings Thomas Hobbes Who believed humans are In a state of nature no authority governs society or protects individuals. John Locke Life, Liberty, and Property.To preserve these rights in a state of nature people form a social contract Laissez-Faire Capitalism Government does not interfere at all in the economy. The economy is run entirely by the private sector. authoritarianism ultimate power rests with the state. democratic government The people hold supreme power. Government depends upon consent of the governed for its authority. Relies on majority rule to make law, but also makes protections of the rights of the minority libertarians Believe in absolutely minimal government involvement in any sphere, economic or social. Government should not infringe on individual rights in any sense communitarians Believe in a collectivist approach to society. Believe that individuals must sacrifice for good of the whole. devolution designation of powers to a lower government by a national government Concurrent powers powers shared between national, state governments. Section 8 Lists powers given to Congress Section 9 Lists powers which are prohibited to Congress. Section 10 Lists powers which are prohibited to the states. revenue sharing Federal government distributes a fixed portion of tax revenues to states without any specifications or requirements cooperative federalism lots of overlap between national and state authority Example: Congress will often provide matching funds for federal projects implemented at a state level. Establishing a minimum legal drinking age. Special grant programs to local school districts. Certain aspects of the healthcare reform act (marble cake) Nullification argues that states could void national law if they didn't agree. Secession Southern States attempt to break away from the Union, claiming they are sovereign Civil Liberties liberties protect our right to think and act without governmental interference; Individual freedoms that place limitations on the power of government Examples: freedom of speech, unlawful search and seizure Civil Rights The extension of government action to secure citizenship rights for all members of society. Ensure that all citizens are equal before the law. Examples: right to vote, due process of law 1st Amend Right to freedom of speech, religion, the press, free assembly. 2nd Amend Right to bear arms 3rd Amend No troops quartered in private homes. 4th Amend Protection against illegal searches and seizures without a warrant or probable cause 5th Amend Right to due process of law, and compensation for public use of private property, protection against self-incrimination 6th Amend Right to a speedy and public trial and provision of legal counsel. 7th Amend Right to trial by jury 8th Amend Protection against excessive bail, and cruel and unusual punishment. 9th Amend Protection of rights not mentioned in the Constitution. 10th Amend Powers delegated to the states 13th Amend Outlaws Slavery 14th Amend Equal Protection, Full citizenship to african americans 15th Amend Voting Rights to former slaves 19th Amend Womens suffrage De Jure Segregation Measures like the poll tax and literacy test attempt to get around the 14th and 15th Amendments. De Facto Segregation Segregation resulting from economic or social conditions or personal choice.