Family Baltimore Class Envelope Origin Transmission Pathology
?
Ebola Filoviridae V (-RNA) Yes Zoönotic (unknown) Direct contact Hemorrhagic fever
Marburg Filoviridae V (-RNA) Yes bats Direct contact Hemorrhagic fever
Lassa Arenaviridae V (-RNA) Yes rodents Contact with rodent Hemorrhagic fever
Dengue Flaviviridae IV (+RNA) Yes unknown Aedes spp. (moscito)* Problems all over body
Zika Flaviviridae IV (+RNA) Yes unknown Aedes spp.*, sexualy, mother - Problems all over body
> unborn child
Yellow fever Flaviviridae IV (+RNA) Yes unknown Aedes aegypti Problems all over body
West Nile Flaviviridae IV (+RNA) No birds Culex spp. (moscito) Meningitis, encephalitis,
Flaccid paralysis
Japanese Flaviviridae IV (+RNA) encephalitis
encephalitis virus
Tick borne Flaviviridae IV (+RNA) Ticks encephalitis
encephalitis virus
Alphavirus Togaviridae IV (+RNA) unknown Aedes spp. Encephalitis/muscle, joint pains,
(Chikungunya) rash, acute fever…
Oropouche Orthobunyaviridae V (-RNA) Yes unknown Culicoides spp.
RSV Paramyxoviridae V (-RNA) Yes - Air droplets and surfaces Bronchiolitis, pneumonia
Adenoviruses Adenoviridae I (dsDNA) NOPE - Air droplets and surfaces Pneumonia, systemic diseases
Parainfluenza Paramyxoviridae V (-RNA) Yes - Air droplets and surfaces Most important: croup
Rhinovirus Picornaviridae IV (+RNA) No - Air droplets and surfaces Common cold
Influenza orthomyxoviridae V (-RNA) Yes - Air droplets and surfaces Influenza, pneumonia
SARS-CoV-2 Coronaviridae IV (+RNA) Yes bats Air droplets and surfaces Pneumonia
Hepatitis A Picornaviridae IV (+RNA) No Oro-fecal Hepatitis
Hepatitis B Hepadnaviridae VII (dsDNA) Yes Sexual Hepatitis
Hepatitis C Flaviviridae IV (+RNA) Yes Sexual, IV Hepatitis
Hepatitis D V (-RNA) HBV IV Hepatitis
Hepatitis E Caliciviridae IV (+RNA) No ? Oro-fecal Hepatitis
HIV Retroviridae VI (+RNA) Yes Non-human primates Sexual, blood to blood, Immunodeficiency
mother to child
HSV-1 (HHV-1) Herpesviridae (alfa) I (dsDNA) Yes - Direct contact or aerosols Oral blisters, encephalitis
HSV-2 (HHV-2) Herpesviridae (alfa) I (dsDNA) Yes - Direct contact or aerosols Genital blisters
VZV (HHV-3) Herpesviridae (alfa) I (dsDNA) Yes - Direct contact or aerosols Chicken pox, shingles
CMV (HHV-5) Herpesviridae (γ) I (dsDNA) Yes - Direct contact or aerosols
EBV (HHV-4) Herpesviridae (bèta) I (dsDNA) Yes - Direct contact or aerosols klierkoorts
HHV-6A/B & 7 Herpesviridae (bèta) I (dsDNA) Yes - Direct contact or aerosols Rash
KSHV (HVV-8) Herpesviridae (γ) I (dsDNA) Yes - Direct contact or aerosols Cancer
,I (dsDNA) IV (+RNA) V (-RNA) VI (+RNA) VII (dsDNA)
Adenoviruses Dengue Ebola HIV Hepatitis B
herpesviridae Zika Marburg
Yellow fever Lassa
West-nile Oropouche
Japanese encephalitis virus RSV
Tick borne encephalitis virus HPIV
Chikungunya Influenza
Rhinovirus Hepatitis D
Sars-CoV-2
Hepatitis A
Hepatitis C
Hepatitis E
Flaviviridae
Togaviridae
Picornaviridae
Caliciviridae
Filoviridae
Arenaviridae
Orthobunyaviridae
Paramyxoviridae
Orthomyxoviridae
Retroviridae
Hepadnaviridae
, Replication cycle : Epidemiology :
Ebola The virus attaches to cellular receptor First outbreaks were in central Afrika.
with glycoprotein (GP), enters the cell The virus spread was being kept under
Family: Filoviridae via endocytosis. Low pH and control very easily because there is no
Baltimore class: V (-RNA) cathepsins break down the GP and so, air transport or whatsoever so
the virus can fuse with the endosome everything is kept local. In 2013
Pathology : and release the genetic material in however, there was a bigger outbreak
Prodrome : muscle,-jointpain the cytoplasm. The (-)RNA is then in bigger cities connected to places all
Hemorrhagic fever transcribed and replicated to +RNA. over the world by air transport.
- Fluidloss For replication: +RNA -> -RNA There’s extremely weak healthcare in
- Bleedings For translation: +RNA (mRNA) -> Afrika and a very sow respons from
- Multiorgan failor proteins. WHO. The slow respons is mainly
A lot of people die from this. New formed viruses leave the cell by because they thought long time it was
Survivors can carry persistent virus, budding Lassa circulating, because this virus
this can occasionally cause infections has the same symptoms.
for example in the eye (less immune
control here). It can even be https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BHQUp-R0q9U
completely reactivated in rare cases
Treatment : Vaccinology :
Patiënts are treated on their symptoms to prevent dead Vaccins existing for Ebola are based on putting the gene for the GP in
from the virus. For example managing the big loss of fluid. another ‘platform’, which means another virus.
Since the last big outbreak in West Afrika, they developed The first vaccin for Ebola was the rVSV-ZEBOV vaccin. They
some monoclonal antibodies against Ebola which actually substituted the GP from vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) with the GP
seem to help. The problem with this is that it needs to be from Ebola. By that Ab can be made in the body against this GP from
injected intravenously. You need a minimal clinical setting EBOV.
for this so doesn’t work in central Afrika. Remdesivir was
also tested for Ebola, but had no success. (big success for
several viruses in vitro, not much in vivo)
Origin and transmission :
The origin is unknown. The virus is transmitted from close contact with an animal and a human and further from human to human
(also by close contact; i.e. contact with fluids)
?
Ebola Filoviridae V (-RNA) Yes Zoönotic (unknown) Direct contact Hemorrhagic fever
Marburg Filoviridae V (-RNA) Yes bats Direct contact Hemorrhagic fever
Lassa Arenaviridae V (-RNA) Yes rodents Contact with rodent Hemorrhagic fever
Dengue Flaviviridae IV (+RNA) Yes unknown Aedes spp. (moscito)* Problems all over body
Zika Flaviviridae IV (+RNA) Yes unknown Aedes spp.*, sexualy, mother - Problems all over body
> unborn child
Yellow fever Flaviviridae IV (+RNA) Yes unknown Aedes aegypti Problems all over body
West Nile Flaviviridae IV (+RNA) No birds Culex spp. (moscito) Meningitis, encephalitis,
Flaccid paralysis
Japanese Flaviviridae IV (+RNA) encephalitis
encephalitis virus
Tick borne Flaviviridae IV (+RNA) Ticks encephalitis
encephalitis virus
Alphavirus Togaviridae IV (+RNA) unknown Aedes spp. Encephalitis/muscle, joint pains,
(Chikungunya) rash, acute fever…
Oropouche Orthobunyaviridae V (-RNA) Yes unknown Culicoides spp.
RSV Paramyxoviridae V (-RNA) Yes - Air droplets and surfaces Bronchiolitis, pneumonia
Adenoviruses Adenoviridae I (dsDNA) NOPE - Air droplets and surfaces Pneumonia, systemic diseases
Parainfluenza Paramyxoviridae V (-RNA) Yes - Air droplets and surfaces Most important: croup
Rhinovirus Picornaviridae IV (+RNA) No - Air droplets and surfaces Common cold
Influenza orthomyxoviridae V (-RNA) Yes - Air droplets and surfaces Influenza, pneumonia
SARS-CoV-2 Coronaviridae IV (+RNA) Yes bats Air droplets and surfaces Pneumonia
Hepatitis A Picornaviridae IV (+RNA) No Oro-fecal Hepatitis
Hepatitis B Hepadnaviridae VII (dsDNA) Yes Sexual Hepatitis
Hepatitis C Flaviviridae IV (+RNA) Yes Sexual, IV Hepatitis
Hepatitis D V (-RNA) HBV IV Hepatitis
Hepatitis E Caliciviridae IV (+RNA) No ? Oro-fecal Hepatitis
HIV Retroviridae VI (+RNA) Yes Non-human primates Sexual, blood to blood, Immunodeficiency
mother to child
HSV-1 (HHV-1) Herpesviridae (alfa) I (dsDNA) Yes - Direct contact or aerosols Oral blisters, encephalitis
HSV-2 (HHV-2) Herpesviridae (alfa) I (dsDNA) Yes - Direct contact or aerosols Genital blisters
VZV (HHV-3) Herpesviridae (alfa) I (dsDNA) Yes - Direct contact or aerosols Chicken pox, shingles
CMV (HHV-5) Herpesviridae (γ) I (dsDNA) Yes - Direct contact or aerosols
EBV (HHV-4) Herpesviridae (bèta) I (dsDNA) Yes - Direct contact or aerosols klierkoorts
HHV-6A/B & 7 Herpesviridae (bèta) I (dsDNA) Yes - Direct contact or aerosols Rash
KSHV (HVV-8) Herpesviridae (γ) I (dsDNA) Yes - Direct contact or aerosols Cancer
,I (dsDNA) IV (+RNA) V (-RNA) VI (+RNA) VII (dsDNA)
Adenoviruses Dengue Ebola HIV Hepatitis B
herpesviridae Zika Marburg
Yellow fever Lassa
West-nile Oropouche
Japanese encephalitis virus RSV
Tick borne encephalitis virus HPIV
Chikungunya Influenza
Rhinovirus Hepatitis D
Sars-CoV-2
Hepatitis A
Hepatitis C
Hepatitis E
Flaviviridae
Togaviridae
Picornaviridae
Caliciviridae
Filoviridae
Arenaviridae
Orthobunyaviridae
Paramyxoviridae
Orthomyxoviridae
Retroviridae
Hepadnaviridae
, Replication cycle : Epidemiology :
Ebola The virus attaches to cellular receptor First outbreaks were in central Afrika.
with glycoprotein (GP), enters the cell The virus spread was being kept under
Family: Filoviridae via endocytosis. Low pH and control very easily because there is no
Baltimore class: V (-RNA) cathepsins break down the GP and so, air transport or whatsoever so
the virus can fuse with the endosome everything is kept local. In 2013
Pathology : and release the genetic material in however, there was a bigger outbreak
Prodrome : muscle,-jointpain the cytoplasm. The (-)RNA is then in bigger cities connected to places all
Hemorrhagic fever transcribed and replicated to +RNA. over the world by air transport.
- Fluidloss For replication: +RNA -> -RNA There’s extremely weak healthcare in
- Bleedings For translation: +RNA (mRNA) -> Afrika and a very sow respons from
- Multiorgan failor proteins. WHO. The slow respons is mainly
A lot of people die from this. New formed viruses leave the cell by because they thought long time it was
Survivors can carry persistent virus, budding Lassa circulating, because this virus
this can occasionally cause infections has the same symptoms.
for example in the eye (less immune
control here). It can even be https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BHQUp-R0q9U
completely reactivated in rare cases
Treatment : Vaccinology :
Patiënts are treated on their symptoms to prevent dead Vaccins existing for Ebola are based on putting the gene for the GP in
from the virus. For example managing the big loss of fluid. another ‘platform’, which means another virus.
Since the last big outbreak in West Afrika, they developed The first vaccin for Ebola was the rVSV-ZEBOV vaccin. They
some monoclonal antibodies against Ebola which actually substituted the GP from vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) with the GP
seem to help. The problem with this is that it needs to be from Ebola. By that Ab can be made in the body against this GP from
injected intravenously. You need a minimal clinical setting EBOV.
for this so doesn’t work in central Afrika. Remdesivir was
also tested for Ebola, but had no success. (big success for
several viruses in vitro, not much in vivo)
Origin and transmission :
The origin is unknown. The virus is transmitted from close contact with an animal and a human and further from human to human
(also by close contact; i.e. contact with fluids)
