GNRS 515 Patho Exam 4 2024 with 100% correct answers

Heart Failure Pathophysiology - correct answer Right Ventricle -Systemic Venous Congestion •Jugular Venous Distension •Hepatomegaly •Splenomegaly •Ascites •Lower limb edema Left Ventricle -Pulmonary Congestion •Dyspnea •Orthopnea •Paroxysmal Nocturnal Dyspnea •Cough (on exertion) •Pulmonary edema Effects of preload, afterload, contractility, and heart rate on cardiac output function - correct answer Increased Cardiac Output: Increased Preload Decreased Afterload Increased Contractility Increased Heart rate Decreased Cardiac Output: Decreased Preload Increased Afterload Decreased Contractility Decreased Heart rate Ejection Fraction - correct answer -End-diastolic volume (EDV) [≅135ml] *The volume of blood (in each ventricle) at the end of diastole. It's a surrogate of preload, venous return, ventricular filling pressure. -End-systolic volume (ESV) [≅65ml] *The volume of blood (in each ventricle) at the end of systole. -Ejection Fraction (EF) [≅50-60%] *Refers to the percentage of blood that's pumped out of a filled ventricle with each heart beat. -EF = SV / EDV % [ 135-65/135 = 70/135 = 52% ] -EF is a volume measurement, that reflects ventricular systolic function (low EF = systolic dysfunction) *Low EF = heart failure (systolic dysfunction) *Normal EF does NOT exclude heart failure Compensatory Mechanisms in CHF - correct answer Kidney: RAAS activation (angiotensin & aldosterone) -Leads to: Increased Preload -From a body