Bio 100 Marci Adams BYU Exam 1 Questions & Answers

Bio 100 Marci Adams BYU Exam 1 Questions & Answers Scientific Theory - Answer->An explanation of natural phenomena developed through extensive and reproducible observations; more general and reliable than hypothesis Hypothesis - Answer->a proposed explanation for a phenomenon based on available evidence that leads to a prediction that can be tested Inductive Reasoning - Answer->how scientific theories arise. It's when you make a broad generalization based on many supporting observations, not based on things that contradict it. Deductive Reasoning - Answer->General --> Specific. used after a scientific theory is made. You take a generalization and then generate a hypothesis to say how an experiment will turn out, based on a previously existing theory. Deductive reasoning example - Answer->it's where you conclude specific observations are true based on supported broad generalization. Like based on cell theory, if you find a new thing that has characteristics of life, you can conclude it's made of cells. Inductive Reasoning example - Answer->Specific --> General makes broad generalizations from specific observations. "the neighbors dog just barked. all dogs can bark" Covalent Bond - Answer->strongest, most common, electrically neutral, shares electrons (oxygen to hydrogen in H2O) Ionic bond - Answer->loss or gain of electron from ions to form a stable compound (NaCl) Hydrogen Bond - Answer->weak, slightly polar and therefore attractive to other slightly polar molecules (H2O molecules sticking to other H2O molecules) - Happens with compounds with F, O, N Cohesion - Answer->water molecules stick together because of the hydrogen bonds Adhesion - Answer->sticky to slightly charged surfaces Allows plants/trees to deliver water hundreds of feet against gravity Allows water in plasma to be returned to heart from your big toe Hydrophobic - Answer->"water fearing"; parts of membranes Hydrophilic - Answer->"water loving" Molecules that are attracted to water Many biological compounds Parts of membranes Frostbite - Answer->freezing of water inside cells and the ice crystals puncture membrane Cell death Leads to tissue death Big Four - Answer->Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, Nucleic Acids (DNA) Dehydration synthesis - Answer->Organic molecules joined by removing water Hydrolysis - Answer->Organic molecules broken by adding water Monosaccharide - Answer->(Carb Big four) one sugar molecule Glucose Fructose Galactose Ribose Polysaccharide - Answer->(Carb big four) many sugar molecules bonded together Starch in plants Glycogen in animals Cellulose in plant structure; non-digestible in humans (fiber) Chitin in exoskeleton of arthropods Phospholipids - Answer->hydrophobic "tails" and hydrophilic "heads" = cell membranes Lipids - Answer->Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen hydrophobic; insoluble in water store energy, waxy coverings, membranes Fats: more energy storage than sugars, but weigh less Long chains of carbons!! Lipid examples - Answer->saturated, unsaturated, phospholipids, cholesterol, steroids, hormones Protein - Answer->carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen amino acid is the building block: only 20 naturally occurring denaturation: chemically or thermally breaking bonds Secondary Structure - Answer->folding, bending, or pleating of protein maintained by hydrogen bonds primary structure of protein - Answer->order of amino acids, when protein denatured it is brought to this. Tertiary Structure - Answer->hydrogen and disulfide bonds of protein Quarternary Structure - Answer->The fourth level of protein structure; the shape resulting from the association of two or more polypeptide subunits. globular=hemoglobin, strands=collagen CONTINUES...