NUR 2063 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 2 STUDY GUIDE VERRIFIED

NUR 2063 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 2 STUDY GUIDE VERRIFIED What is gastritis? - CORRECT ANSWER-Inflammation of the stomach lining. The lining will be red and inflamed and irritated What are the causes of gastritis? - CORRECT ANSWER-Ingestion of irritating substances such a alcohol, aspirin, NSAIDS, viruses and bacteria What is GERD? - CORRECT ANSWER-the back flow of gastric contents into the esophagus through the lower esophageal sphincter. The inflammation occurs from the reflex of highly acidic stomach acid that comes up. What are the causes of GERD? - CORRECT ANSWER-Any condition or agent that alters closure of the lower esophageal sphincter or increases in abdominal pressure, fatty food, caffeine, large amounts of alcohol, smoking, pregnancy and anatomical features like hiatal hernia What are complications of GERD? - CORRECT ANSWER-Barrett's esophagus where columnar tissue replaces normal squamous tissue in the distal esophagus that carries a high risk for cancer. Progression can lead to ulcers and scarring. Esophageal strictures, pulmonary symptoms such as cough, asthma and laryngitis from reflux in breathing passages. What are the signs and symptoms of peptic ulcer disease? - CORRECT ANSWER-epigastric burning pain that is usually relieved by food or antacids (gastric ulcers present on empty stomach but can be after food, duodenal ulcers present 2-3 hours after food and is relieved by food). Can also be life threatening as GI bleeding can occur without warning and cause a drop in H/H and dark tarry stools and hematemesis. What is the role of H.pylori in peptic ulcer disease? - CORRECT ANSWER-promotes both gastric and duodenal ulcer formation and thrives in acidic areas. It slows down ulcer healing and can reoccur frequently, and taking it away can help ulcers heal. What is pseudomembranous colitis?(C.diff) - CORRECT ANSWER-acute inflammation and necrosis of large intestine. The intestinal lining cannot absorb well. What is the cause of pseudomembranous colitis? - CORRECT ANSWER-clostridium difficile, exposure to long term antibiotics that off set the and balance in intestine What are the manifestations of pseudomembranous colitis? - CORRECT ANSWER-foul smelling/bloody stool, abdominal pain, fever, leukocytosis, sepsis, colonic perforation. How do we treat pseudomembranous colitis? - CORRECT ANSWER-stop current antibiotics, treat ischemia and contributing conditions, give oral antibiotics like metronidazole or vancomycin, fecal transplant or colectomy if severe How do we prevent the spread of pseudomembranous colitis? - CORRECT ANSWER-wearing appropriate PPE and washing hands with soap and water only What are the signs and symptoms of appendicitis? - CORRECT ANSWER-Periumbilical pain, RLQ pain, presence of a positive McBurneys point with pain, nausea, vomiting, fever, diarrhea, RLQ tenderness, systemic signs of infection How do we assess for appendicitis? - CORRECT ANSWER-McBurney's point technique when pressing on the belly button and RLQ hip region and removing the pressure causes intense pain, indicates positive appendicitis What are the causes of bowel obstructions? - CORRECT ANSWER-previous surgery of the intestines with adhesions, congenital abnormalities of the bowel, metastatic cancer of the intestinal tract or female reproductive organs, accumulation of fluid, gas, water and electrolytes in the bowel. What is a functional bowel obstruction? - CORRECT ANSWER-a problem with the act of the bowel actually moving, such as things that inhibit movement from surgery, medications, opioids, low fiber diets that can slow motility or shut off the GI system from the SNS stimulation. What is a mechanical bowel obstruction? - CORRECT ANSWER-due to adhesions, hernia, tumors, impacted feces, volvus or twisting of the intestines, intussusception What are the signs and symptoms of liver disease? - CORRECT ANSWER-hepatocellular failure (jaundice, decreased clotting, hypoalbuminemia, decreased vitamin D and K) and portal hypertension (GI congestion due to blockage of blood, more esophageal or gastric varies, hemorrhoids, enlarged spleen,) Explain what jaundice is? - CORRECT ANSWER-green- yellow staining of tissues from increased level of bilirubin as the liver cannot metabolize extra bilirubin Where can you find jaundice on assessment? - CORRECT ANSWER-eyes, skin, and mouth Explain what ascites is? - CORRECT ANSWER-pathological accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity due to the loss of albumin in the liver, causing fluid to be free amongst the cells. It can cause a lot of pain in the abdomen, and it must be drained with a parenthesis Explain hepatic encephalopathy? - CORRECT ANSWER-neuropsychiatric syndrome from too much ammonia in the blood as the liver cannot break it down. results in dementia and psychotic symptoms common along with jerking What is another name for end stage liver disease? - CORRECT ANSWER-cirrhosis What are the signs and symptoms of gallstones? - CORRECT ANSWER-sudden pain in the RUQ/ center of the abdomen, back pain, and nauseas and vomiting. Why do gallstones occur? - CORRECT ANSWER-due to often a blockage of a duct from a cholesterol filled stone What are the three stages of gallstone formation? - CORRECT ANSWER-supersaturation, nucleation, hypo motility Explain supersaturation phase - CORRECT ANSWER-bile is saturated with cholesterol, causing precipitation of cholesterol Explain nucleation phase - CORRECT ANSWER-the bile crystals begin to stick together and become larger stones Explain hypo motility phase - CORRECT ANSWER-the bile is stasis allowing the stones to grow more What are some of the risk factors for gallstones? - CORRECT ANSWER-prolonged fasting, rapid weight loss, pregnancy, estrogen, obesity What are the signs and symptoms of pancreatitis? - CORRECT ANSWER-steady and dull pain in the center or LUQ of abdomen, severe tenderness on palpation that radiates to the back, nausea and vomiting, abdominal distention with hypoactive bowel sounds, low grade fevers What are the causes of pancreatitis? - CORRECT ANSWER-alcoholism is most causes, biliary tract disease where the enzymes attack the pancreas, hypertriglyceridemia What are the three function of the kidneys - CORRECT ANSWER-excretion, elimination, regulation Explain what excretion is? - CORRECT ANSWER-removal of organic waste products from body fluids Explain what elimination is? - CORRECT ANSWER-discharge of the waste products from the body Explain what regulation is? - CORRECT ANSWER-regulating blood volume, ion concentration, blood pH and nutrients What are signs and symptoms indicating one may have a renal disorder? - CORRECT ANSWER-pain in the back flank area that is felt at the CVA angle on percussion, tenderness, abnormal urinalysis findings What types of things are abnormal regarding urinalysis? - CORRECT ANSWER-dark, strong smelling urine, bacteria in the urine, cloudy urine, ketones or glucose or proteins in the urine, blood in the urine (except during menses) What is polycystic kidney disease? - CORRECT ANSWER-an inherited condition of the kidney resulting in one having fluid filled cysts on one or both kidneys. if left untreated renal failure with need for dialysis or kidney transplant occurring