CLEP american government 2023/2024

Federalism -->A system in which the power to govern is shared between national and state governments Dual / Layer Cake Federalism -->A system in which national and state governments are competitors with distinct powers. This system was prominent in the US from the during the 19th century until 1937. Cooperative / Marble Cake Federalism -->A system in which national and state government have shared or overlapping powers. FDR's New Deal legislation established this system in the US. Regulatory Federalism -->A system in which the national government sets requirements that are then implemented by state and local governments. Fiscal Federalism -->A system in which the national government provides grants-in- aid to states using conditions to elicit control. New Federalism -->Devolutionary system in which the national government returns tax dollars to the state and local governments primarily in the form of block grants. Federalism -->The negative aspects of this system include: conflicts between state and national government, economic and racial discrimination, uneven enforcement of law, and dominance of local governments by special interest groups Federalism -->The positive aspects of this system include: diversity/diffusion of power, more access points for political participation, fostering of experimentation and innovation, and allowing local governments to manage local problems effectively Federal -->This type of government suits a large country with a diverse population Enumerated Powers -->Powers specifically outlined in the Constitution as assigned to one branch of government. Article II -->This article of the Constitution establishes the Executive Branch. Categorical Grant -->Federal grants in which the recipient has little discretion over how the money is spent. The national government sets narrowly defined rules for use of funds and often requires the states or local governments to provide matching funds. These grants account for 90% of federal aid dollars. Examples include Head Start, Food Stamps, Medicaid, and the Interstate Highway System Block Grant -->Federal grants in which the recipient has a lot of discretion over how the money is spent. These grants are issued in support of general government functions such as education and law enforcement. Project Grant -->Federal categorical grants in which the granting agency has much discretion over how the recipient spends the money. Formula Grant -->Federal categorical grants in which the granting agency has less discretion over how the recipient spends the money. President -->Constitutionally empowered to appoint judges, ambassadors, and other high officials Constitutionally empowered to make treaties with foreign countries: grant clemency for Fed. offenses Commander in Chief/ State or the Union Senate -->President requires their approval to appoint judges, ambassadors and other high officials. President -->Age requirement- 35 Number of years a President must reside in the US prior to taking office-14 Pyramid Model -->Presidential management model in which the Chief of Staff plays a prominent role as the head of a military style chain of command. Used successfully by Reagan and Eisenhower. Hub and Spoke Model -->Presidential management model requiring the President to have strong leadership skills and a keen eye for detail. FDR and JFK were well known for this style of leadership. Ad Hoc Structure -->Presidential management model in which corporate CEO tactics are used employing committees, task forces, and special advisors. Successfully utilized by Clinton and G W Bush. Max Weber -->German sociologist theorized that the engine of government needs bureaucracies to provide expertise in a way that short-term elected or appointed official cannot. National Security Council -->The executive office established in response to intelligence lapses during WWI. Oversees American foreign policy and includes the President, Vice President, Secretary of State, Secretary of Defense and is lead by the National Security Advisor. Council of Economic Advisors -->3 person executive panel responsible for helping the President develop an economic plan for the nation. Office of Management and Budget -->Executive office responsible for helping the President write the federal budget and monitoring federal spending. US Trade Representatives -->Executive office responsible for negotiating trade with foreign powers.