Wallace TCU A&P2 Final Exam questions and answers well illustrated.

Wallace TCU A&P2 Final Exam questions and answers well illustrated. Gametes - correct answers.Sex cells. Eggs and sperm. Gonads - correct answers.Produce gametes Ducts - correct answers.Store and transport gametes Accessory sex glands - correct answers.Produce substances that protect gametes and facilitate movement Male gonads - correct answers.Testes Testes - correct answers.Produce sperm and secrete hormones. Paired oval glands in the scrotum. Develops near kidney and descends near 7th month of fetal development. Male system of ducts - correct answers.Transports and stores sperm, assists in their maturation, and conveys them to the exterior. Epididymis, vas deferens, ejaculatory ducts, and urethra. Male accessory sex glands/secondary sex organs - correct answers.Adds secretions to semen. Seminal vesicles, prostate, and bulbourethral glands. Male supporting structures - correct answers.Scrotum supports testes and penis delivers sperm into female reproductive tract Scrotum - correct answers.Supporting structure for testes. Normal sperm production requires 2-3° C below core body temperature. Scrotal septa - correct answers.Internally divide scrotum Cremaster muscle - correct answers.Contraction brings testes closer to body Dartos muscle - correct answers.Contracts to thicken and wrinkle scrotum Tunica vaginalis - correct answers.Outer tunic of testes Tunica albuginea - correct answers.Inner tunic. Extends inward forming septa that divide testis into lobules. Each of 200-300 lobules contains 1-3 seminiferous tubules. Site of spermatogenesis. Cryptorchidism - correct answers.Failure of testes to descend into scrotum. Occurs in 3% of full term infants and 30% of premature infants. Testes will spontaneously descend in 80% of body within the first year, otherwise will require surgery. If untreated, sterility, increased risk for testicular cancer. Spermatogentic cells - correct answers.Sperm forming cells. Spermatogonia, stem cells. Primary spermatocytes, secondary spermatocytes, spermatids, sperm cells. Interstitial cells of Leydig - correct answers.Found in spaces between seminiferous tubules. Secrete testosterone. Sertoli cells - correct answers.Sustenocytes. Support cells. Tight junction forms blood-testis barrier that prevents immune response against sperm cell surface antigens. Nourish spermatocytes, spermatids, and sperm. Phagocytose excess spermatid cytoplasm. Control movements of spermatogenic cells. Release sperm into lumen. Produce testicular fluid for sperm transport. Secrete inhibin. Regulate effects of testosterone and FSH by releasing ABP. Meiosis - correct answers.Reduces the chromosome number. Important for gametes. Provides offspring with a different combination of traits from that of either parent. Begins with diploid cell, two divisions, ends with four haploid daughter cells. Homologous chromosomes - correct answers.Two duplicated chromosomes. Have DNA on them that control the same traits and do the same job. These traits are located at the same position on each chromosome. Meiosis I - correct answers.Homologues line up side by side at equator. Crossing over happens. When pairs separate, each daughter cell receives one member of the pair. Cells are now haploid. Meiosis II - correct answers.No replication of DNA occurs between meiosis I and meiosis II. Sister chromatids migrate to opposite poles to become individual chromosomes. Each of the four daughter cells produced has the haploid chromosome number. Spermatogenesis - correct answers.Takes 65-75 days. Begins with spermatogonia (2n). These are stem cells that undergo mitosis to replace themselves and some become primary spermatocytes (2n). Meiosis I happens, now they are secondary spermatocytes (n). At the end of meiosis II, they are spermatids. The 4 cells are still attached by cytoplasmic bridges. Spermiogenesis - correct answers.Development of spermatids into sperm. Spherical spermatids transform into elongated sperm. Acrosome and flagella form, mitochondria multiply. Sertoli cells dispose of excess cytoplasm. Acrosome - correct answers.Enzyme helmet that helps penetrate the egg Spermiation - correct answers.Release from connections to Sertoli cells. 4 spermatids become individual, but sperm are not yet able to swim. Sperm - correct answers.300 million complete spermatogenesis each day. The head includes a nucleus with 23 chromosomes (haploid) and acrosome, no mitochondria. The tail has mitochondria. One ejaculated, they do not survive more than 48 hours in the female reproductive tract. GnRH - correct answers.Signals hypothalamus to stimulate anterior pituitary to increase secretion of LH and FSH. Controls ovarian and uterine cycles. LH (males) - correct answers.Stimulates Leydig cells to secrete testosterone. Synthesized from cholesterol mainly in testes, suppresses secretion of LH and GnRH via negative feedback. FSH (males) - correct answers.Acts indirectly on spermatogenesis. FSH and testosterone act on Sertoli cells to stimulate secretion of ABP, which binds to testosterone to keep concentration high. Hypothalamic Pituitary Axis - correct answers.Testosterone stimulates spermatogenesis. Sertoli cells release inhibin which inhibits FSH when sperm counts are high. GnRH causes secretion of LH and FSH. LH stimulates testosterone. Too much testosterone shuts down process. ABP binds testosterone, still available to stimulate spermatogenesis, but hides it so it doesn't shut down the process via negative feedback. Androgens - correct answers.Prenatal development, development of male secondary sex characteristics, development of sexual function (male sexual behavior, spermatogenesis, and sex drive), stimulation of anabolism (protein synthesis that leads to heavier muscle and bone mass in men) Sperm Production and Testosterone Level - correct answers.Spike in testosterone at 3-4 months of development. Development of male gonads in the fetus. Spikes a little at birth, then goes back down. Big spike at puberty. No sperm production until puberty. Still high levels at age 60+. Epididymis - correct answers.Site of sperm maturation, where they acquire motility and ability to fertilize. Can store sperm for several months. Continue as vas deferens. Vas Deferens - correct answers.Transports sperm during sexual arousal via peristalsis. Can also store sperm for several months. Spermatic Cord - correct answers.Ascends out of scrotum. Consists of vas deferens, testicular artery, veins that drain testes and carry testosterone, autonomic nerves, lymphatic vessels, and cremaster muscle Ejaculatory Ducts - correct answers.Eject sperm and seminal vesicle secretions just before release of semen into urethra