CMNS 110 Midterm Latest Update 100% Solved

CMNS 110 Midterm Latest Update 100% Solved Judgement of Thamus -King Thamus judges Theuth's invention of writing to be a burden to society believing that those who acquire it will cease to exercise their memory and become forgetful. Thamus is considered that people will write. Radical technologies create new definitions of old terms without our conscious being aware. Thamus pointed out that inventors cannot grasp the bias in their inventions (social, psychological, and ideological). NEW TECHNOLOGIES ALTER THE STRUCTURE OF OUR INTERESTS: THE THINGS WE THINK ABOUT AND THINK WITH Neil Postman commentator on Judgement of Thamus. every technology has both good and bad effects within a society. we are surrounded by prophets who see only what new technologies can do and are incapable of imagining what they will undo. there are winners and losers when new technologies are introduced. Monochronic Time doing one thing at a time. tangible. it is learned. oriented to tasks, schedules, and procedures con: time is unpredictable Polychronic Time doing many things at once. stresses involvement of people and completion of TRANSACTIONS rather than adherence to preset schedules. people oriented, family centered. con: centralization of power, one person surrounded by all the people they are doing business with. Secondary orality orality based on the use of a literary medium.While it exists in sound, it does not have the features of primary orality because it presumes and rests upon literate thought and expression, creates a larger group sense - can link to global village Marshall McLuhan taught at the Toronto school of communication. developed the medium theory but was more interested in examining the world of the media but never had the inclination to develop the structure of a theory Clever Hans Wilhelm von Osten's horse. von Osten taught high school mathematics. decided to teach his horse to count. Clever Hans learned how to tell time, arithmetic, and to recognize photos and people. Story spread through Germany, Carl Stumpf came with seven scientists to prove Clever Hans was a phony. They asked von Osten to leave the barn and asked the horse questions. Clever Hans would get the questions right. When they asked Clever Hans a question none of them knew the answer to and Clever Hans failed. Oscar Pfungst discovered that the scientists were unconsciously giving off physical cues. RESULTS: Clever Hans knew how to read body language well. people can unconsciously communicate information to others by subtle movements (nonverbal communication) Monological Model (of communication) one way movement from an identifiable sender to one or more receiver. (Ex: lecture) transferred through space from one agent to another by means of communication medium such as speech or writing. linear model is precise, basic, and direct. Hot Media high in resolution, low in participation. tightly scripted arrangements. Cool Media high in participation. low definition. often requires interactivity to complete the experience. Primary Orality solely spoken words, not touched by any form of writing or print. Words have no meaning even when they represent a visual context. general language is a mode of action in a primary oral culture The Global Village writing fragments the bonds of belonging that are essential to the oral culture. Secondary Orality creates process of "retribalization" to reestablish bonds of community that were driven apart in previous forms of orality. Verbal activity/orality is being mediated secondarily through media. people learn about other cultures = more tolerant. similar aspirations and concerns = cohesion. Medium is the Message medium that shapes and controls the scale and form of human association and action. the content of any medium blinds us to characteristics of the medium. the medium is essential in nature, affects the nature of the message and how it will/can be received. different media favors some messages over others and affects what medium messages will be sent with and how those messages will be received. ex: we do not broadcast pictures via radio. Greeks and Language Greeks Corux and Tisseus gave lessons and taught people how to argue in court to gain their land back from the tyrant control. Argued language was a way to persuade, proving possibilities not necessarily the truth. Hockett's Design Features of Language vocal/auditory channel, rapid fading, interchangeability, semanticity, arbitrariness, displacement, productivity, tradition, prevarication, reflectivity, conccatenation, medium transferability. (VCM PARTS DRIP) George Herbert Mead Chicago professor, believed in the tabula rasa or blank slate, through relations with other individuals you develop the self. the individual as a result of his relations to that process as a whole and to other individuals within that process. Significant Other Mead's idea where you see yourself through someone close to you's perspective. worry about what they would think of you doing certain behaviors. Generalized Other regulate your conduct where you think what SOCIETY will think of you. Internal dialogue. final stage in the childhood process Mead's Process of the Self I - doer, instinctive being. internalized set of attitudes of the others Me - receiver, internalized sense of what others perceive of what I do/expectations of society Myself - consciousness, self-consciousness, awareness of self, the ability to imagine oneself in interaction Erving Goffman believed social roles were something that you constantly adopted/adapted. masks were put on for every social interaction. believed in 2 kind of impressions: we give clothing, hairstyle and cosmetics. we give off sex, height, race. dramaturgical Goffman's idea that social life is a drama. nothing was worse than losing face or self-worth. front stage & back stage Goffman's idea that people on front stage perform ideally as they believe someone in their role should be. back stage is true self. these roles are constantly changing and adapting to the argument that there is no true self. Eckhard Hess Psychologist at University of Chicago. Was looking at a magazine in bed with his wife. she told him to get a light so he could better see the magazine. This sparked the idea for him to create an experiment with his male students. Hess took a photo of one of his attractive female students and asked them what they thought of the photo. They then enlarged her pupils and repeated the experiment. The photo with the enlarged pupils was found more than twice as likely to be viewed as attractive. RESULTS: unconscious mind/adaptive unconscious. set of mental processes that influence judgement and decision making but cannot be accessed by normal awareness. Technical Noise the things like static, volume, dropped calls, etc. noise on the channel is generally called technical. MATTER OF PROCESS how you get the information through. Semantic Noise those things that interfere with a message having to do with ambiguity, meanings, cultural factors, and so on MATTER OF CONTENT Two Step Model (of communication) break through in propaganda circles - was key to reaching a larger audience. the two step model gave a message to opinion leaders who then received interpreted, and redistributed it to the original intended audience. (ex: newspaper editorials) this model was used mostly through/during war times. they are HIERARCHICAL and have an interest with space and time as it takes longer for the message to reach it's final audience. Interaction model (of communication) FEEDBACK WAS INTRODUCED HERE. this model was designed to promote dialogue. Because feedback functions as a mode of human confirmation, it also plays a significant role in identity formation. in a dialogue each person does not attempt to make common certain ideas or items of information that are already known to them. Rather it may be said that the two people are making something common or creating something new together. The feedback serves to contribute creativity and helps us to feel respected. Transactional model (of communication) across channels, not between. We are always moving across roles and never fully settling on one. Never senders/receivers but constantly receiving and sending simultaneously. Our daily communication takes place as a continuous series of information transfer, information reception, feedback, response, and so on. We say that we conduct conversations but the more fundamental a conversation is never one that we want to conduct lies within the will of either party. Transmission model (of communication) communication is the process of moving messages from a sender through a medium to a receiver. Control at a distance. Tells you things you don't know. focuses on newness. Taking a word and spreading it. (rapid dissemination of information?) Ritual Model (of communication) communication is the construction of a shared space or map of meaning within which people coexist. this is a CULTURAL model. Map of understanding, go over memories that we all share. Not about the control or distance but the solidarity through time. One step past the transmission model. The ritual part of communication is the sharing of information that is not necessarily new but helps to cement the bond. Why families and close friends share / repeat stories. further humanizing of communication focusing on TIME rather than space. Language Acquisition St. Augustine - believed language acquisition involves imitation such as verbalization and gestures. Recognizes that he learned how to speak through imitation in the spoken word and the gestures of his parents. Also argues that God already stored sounds into his memory (babies know how to gargle and make universal noises) Magic Words don't want to say something aloud for the fear it might come true. Please and thank you can be considered to be magic words because they make things happen. Politeness can disarm us. Cursing can be viewed as magic words and mirrored in our class systems. Hate speech is also magic words. Laws refrain us from using it. LANGUAGE IS POLITICAL/POWERFUL Charles Hockett tried to figure out the origins of language, failed. moved on to look at speech to determine what makes speech language. Believed there were multiple features of language (some could be combined/pulled apart) Religious Hypothesis Adam and Eve spoke the "Adamic language" Tower of babel built a tower where they believed they could make a tower so high that they could reach and get into Heaven. God strikes them all so that they are all speaking different languages so they could not collaborate and get into Heaven the gestural origins hypothesis believed human beings initially communicated through gestures because that is what they could see around them in nature. believed gestures became increasingly elaborate and finally turned into communication. there are clear advantages to gestural language as it allows you to communicate unseen and drew a closer link between humans and nature. (link to Darwin because it's humans and the natural world) Call of nature hypothesis gestures cannot be seen in the dark, so there must be some kind of vocal component. Egyptian King Sallmic performed a study whete a shepherd took two babies away from their families and observed how the children communicated. The children uttered their first word. vocal/auditory channel language has to be spoken and people have to hear it. language is a social phenomenon. animals also have vocal/auditory channels as they do vocalize and listen to one another rapid fading vocal communication is subject to rapid fading and is gone the moment after you hear it. hearing is something that can only happen in a particular moment (sound waves are super temporary). because language fades you have to make a conscious decision to pay attention. Dogs pee on everything and can communicate by scent which is not a part of rapid fading interchangeability if there are a vocalization and listening there needs to be an amount of interchangeability. One person cannot do all the talking. interpersonal feedback can occur. birds and dolphins do this as well. semanticity silly sounds. meaningfulness of dialogue and spoken words cuts across many different dialogues. dogs bark angerly or happily. arbitrariness anything that is said is a product of an arbitrary decision will mean whatever it is. language is a completely arbitrary thing, very important in the case of symbols. word meanings change though we live in the moment and believe only what we know is in front of us. displacement talking about things that are not in vision/sight. can talk about things from the past. animals do not seem to be able to displace, though bees have the waggle dance to communicate routes to honey. productivity spoken language is not limited to anything besides the rules of grammar (think chess, know the rules know infinite number of games) tradition how you learn language is passed on through tradition. no one is born knowing language. prevarication spoken language gives you the ability to lie, we are constantly engaging in many forms of miscommunication because of the politeness code. we have techniques to drive people away from asking too many questions. birds fake broken wings to escape predators reflectivity can reflect/communicate with spoken language WITH spoken language. Can use language to describe language you just used. therapists do this. dogs do this when they play and fake growl conccatentation chain things together. we connect ideas and thoughts. we often tell a story and end up segway and talking about something completely different. communication is rarely a one word utterance primary oral cultures societies that still exist using ONLY oral communication. (drawing can be argues to count or not). only about 100 languages appear in written in form. oral traditions the passing down of knowledge through oral communication Harold Innis explored various ways in which primary oral societies differ from literate societies. He discovered oral communication was reliant on time. you have to be physically there to hear something. (time & space bias?) writing was heavily monitored. Residual orality people who have been exposed to writing but have not been able to fully internalize the use and skills of writing into their everyday life. They may be able to identify the alphabet, but they have no use for it and are happy as they are. often are preliterate societies that may eventually develop into a literate society. ex: Ancient Egypt, medieval Europe. Computer Mediated Communication (CMC) process where human data interaction occurs through one or more networked telecommunication systems. CMC interaction occurs through networking technology and software. Ex: email, instant messaging (IM), or the bulletin boards and chat rooms. displays elements of oral and textual communication. has changed the way we as humans communicate media ecology McLuhan's work as an analysis on the ways of which the introduction of a new medium changes the ecology of a social environment. Argues that when you introduce a new technology into a society you no longer have the original environment + new technology you have a completely new technology medium transferability the practice of transferring from one medium to another. Spoken language seems to have the capacity to transfer from one thing to another. Apes who learned the sign language arguably were able to do that. Walter Ong student of McLuhan's, discovered the three types of orality: primary, residual and secondary medium the unconscious effects of our adaption to the environments created by our technologies. the medium shapes and controls the scale and form of human association and action. the message of any medium of technology is the change of scale or pace or pattern that it introduces into human affairs.` outering technologies are the extension of our humanity. can be read and analyzed for their social, cognitive, and cultural effects synesthesia McLuhan's idea that the free interaction among senses and the mind's normal means of translating the percept of one sense into another (see words, hear colors) orality additive, aggregative than analytic, redundant, traditional, close to human life world, angonistically toned, empathetic and participatory, homeostatic, situational literacy subordinate, hierarchical, analytical, objective, abstract