PRAXIS 5001 (READING) WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS(DIAGRAMS INCLUDED)

alphabetic principle an understanding that letters and letter patterns represent the sounds of spoken words. phonics teaching reading by training beginners to associate letters with their sound values 声学 pragmatics the study of language use such matters as deixis, taking turns in conversation, text organization, presupposition, and implicature. 语用学 fast mapping The process by which children map a word onto an underlying concept after only one exposure to the word. morpheme division study of word formation and structure of words - dividing syllables phonic construction The putting together of the sounds to make the whole word phonemic segmentation ability to break word down into basic sound units. syllabication forming or dividing words into syllables habituation a general accommodation to unchanging environmental conditions 习惯化 underextension occur when a child incorrectly uses a word to describe a narrower set of objects or actions than it is meant to telegraphic speech early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram--'go car'--using mostly nouns and verbs and omitting 'auxiliary' words dipthong a speech sound that consists of either two vowels or a vowel and a semivowel contained in a single syllable ie snout; boy affixes parts added to the beginning (prefix) or end (suffix) of a root word to create new words. etymology the study of the sources and development of words 词源学 phonemic awareness The ability to hear, identify,and manipulate the individual sounds, phonemes, in oral language. oral vocabulary Words that we use in speaking or recognize in listening analytical skills the ability to identify relevant issues, recognize their importance, understand the relationships between them, and perceive the underlying causes of a situation 分析能力 Pre-alphabetic phase Not connecting the letters and sounds of the logo. Early alphabetic phase students recognize some letters of the alphabet and can use them together with context to remember words by sight. Late alphabetic phase readers possess extensive working knowledge of the graphophonemic system, and they can use this knowledge to analyze fully the connections between graphemes and phonemes in words. They can decode unfamiliar words and store fully analyzed sight words in memory. Orthographic phase Students are able to sound out familiar and unfamiliar words. Know letter sounds and read most common words automatically. At this point students are most able to enjoy and obtain knowledge from reading. Semantics the study of language meaning 语义学 Literal comprehension refers to the understanding of information that is explicitly stated in a written passage. (main idea, sequence of events, knowlege of vocabulary) Critical comprehension One of the highest levels of understanding. Requires readers to think beyond the printed page. Ex. indicating whether text is true or false, distinguishing between fact and opinion, detecting propaganda, judging whether the author is qualified to write the text, recognizing bias and fallacies, identifying stereotypes, making assumptions. Metacognition an explicit understanding of how learning works and an awareness of yourself as a learner. AKA Thinking about thinking. 元认知 syntactic clues grammatical cues like word order, function words, and word endings morphological rules a set of rules that indicate how morphemes can be combined to form words connotative meaning The meaning suggested by the associations or emotions triggered by a word or phrase