PRAXIS 5001 SCIENCE PRACTICE EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS(DIAGRAMS INCLUDED).

Mitochondria "Powerhouse of cell" that transforms food energy into ATP. Nucleus Control center of the cell. Contains DNA. Nucleus -Control center or "brain of the cell" -Contains the DNA (genetic material stored in chromosomes) **Found in both plant & animal cells Mitochondria -Powerhouse of the cell -Releases chemical energy from food -Cells that use more energy (like muscle cells) have more mitochondria **Found in both plant & animal cells Chloroplast -Produces food for the plant cell by photosynthesis-Contains chlorophyll **Found in plant cells only Vacuole -stores food, water, minerals, waste. **Large vacuole found in plant cells, while many small vacuoles found in animal cells Ribosomes -Makes proteins in the cell -Found in cytoplasm and on rough endoplasmic reticulum, but initially made in the nucleolus **Found in both plant and animal cells Golgi Body or Golgi Apparatus -flat curved sacs used for storing and packaging - Packages proteins made by the ribosomes and sends them to other parts of the cell where needed **Found in both plant & animal cells Endoplasmic Reticulum (Rough & Smooth) -Folded membranes that act like a road in the cell, transporting substances such as proteins. Rough ER are rough due to the presence of ribosome; Smooth ER lacks ribosomes **Found in both plant & animal cells Lysosome -A sac in the cell that has digestive enzymes that can break down cell waste and old cell parts that have died **Found mostly in animal cells, rarely in plants Cell Membrane -The outer boundary of the cell that surrounds the cytoplasm -regulates what enters and exits the cell-protects and supports the cell **Found in both plant & animal cells Cell Wall -a rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane of plants and provides support to the cell & allows water to pass **plants only Chromosomes -Located within the nucleus and made of DNA (genetic material) -Contains genes that code for various traits (such as hair color, leaf shape, etc) **Found in animal cells & plant cells Cytoplasm -Clear, jelly fluid that is within the cell and contains all the organelles of the cell-Moves material through the cell **Found in plant and animal cells Nucleolus -Located inside the Nucleus - Stores RNA (genetic material) -Produces the Ribosomes **Found in both plant & animal cells Things to remember: plant cell vs animal cell Plant cells: chloroplasts, cell wall, vacuole is larger than in animal cell Animal cells: no chloroplasts, no cell wall, vacuole is smaller than those in plant cell Lithosphere the outer layer of Earth's surface which is made of cool brittle rock Asthenoshere A subdivision of the upper mantle situated below the lithosphere, a zone of malleable rock that moves over time Mantle Earth's thickest layer made of hot rock - below the lithosphere/ asthenosphere but above the core. 70% of the earth's volume Core has a solid inner/ liquid outter made of iron, nickle alloy with small amounts of oxygen, silicon, and sulfur Atmosphere A mixture of gases that surround the Earth. (nitrogen, oxygen, argon, carbon dioxide) Layers of the Earth's Atmosphere troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere and exposphere Traposhere * First layer above the earth's surface * Weather occurs here *Pressure/ Temperature decreases with altitude Stratosphere *Less Dense * Temperature Increases with altitude * Ozone Layer * Jet Aircrafts fly here Mesophere * Temperature decreases with altitude * Meteors or rock fragments burn up *Ionosphere Thermoshere * Auroras * Air is very thin * Temperature increases with altitude * Space shuttles orbits here Exosphere * Outer most layer w/ few particles * Merges with space