PMA Study Guide (2023/2024) Already Passed

PMA Study Guide (2023/2024) Already Passed Median Plan A sagittal plane that passes through the midline of the body, dividing it into equal right and left halves Sagittal Plane Any plane parallel to the median plane Flexion Movement in sagittal plane which takes the body forward Extension Movement in sagittal plane which takes the body backward Frontal Plane Any plane perpendicular to the median plane Adduction Movement in frontal plane which takes a body part towards midline of body Abduction moving a body part away from the midline of the body Lateral Flexion movement from midline in frontal plane (occurs in neck and trunk), sidebending Transverse Plane a horizontal plane that divides the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions Lateral Rotation Movement in transverse, rotation away from the midline Medial Rotation Movement in transverse, rotation towards the midline Supination turning of the palmar surface (palm of the hand) or plantar surface (sole of the foot) upward or forward Pronation turning of the palmar surface (palm of the hand) or plantar surface (sole of the foot) downward or backward Proximal nearest to center of body Distal farther from center of body Anterior Front Posterior Back Medial Toward midline Lateral Away from midline Circumduction Triplanar movement of hip joint, usually indicates abnormal gait Axial Elongation "growing taller in spine" Elevation toward the superior Depression toward the inferior Protraction lateral movement Retraction medial movement Superior Rotation upward Inferior Rotation downward Plantar Flexion pointing the foot Dorsiflexion flexing the foot Agonist produces a given movement Antagonist produces opposite movement Synergetic muscles that work together to produce same movement Isotonic of or involving muscular contraction in which tension is constant while length changes Isometric of or involving muscular contraction in which tension increases while length remains constant Concentric muscle shortens during contraction Eccentric over all lengthening of the muscle occurs as it develops tension and contracts to control tension Sprain severe stress, stretch or tear of the soft tissues such as ligaments or joint capsules, which can result in mild to severe instability around corresponding ligament Strain over stretching, overexertion, overuse of soft tissue that is less severe than a sprain Spasm involuntary muscle contraction