Animals Evolution and Adaptation
Pleun Maarssen 25-08-2023
Inhoudsopgave
Introduction ............................................................................................................................................... 2
What is an animal? .............................................................................................................................................. 2
History of animals ................................................................................................................................................ 2
Body plans ............................................................................................................................................................ 2
Terms you need to know ...................................................................................................................................... 3
Unicellularity .............................................................................................................................................. 4
Protista features................................................................................................................................................... 4
molecular evidence that Protista are the ancestors ............................................................................................ 4
Example of protista .............................................................................................................................................. 4
Multicellularity ........................................................................................................................................... 5
Phylum Porifera (sponge) ................................................................................................................................ 5
Phylum cnidaria ............................................................................................................................................... 6
Classification of phylum cnidaria................................................................................................................ 6
Phylum Ctenophora ........................................................................................................................................ 7
Phylum Acoela ................................................................................................................................................. 7
Superphylum lophotrochozoan ............................................................................................................................ 7
Phylum Platyhelminthes ................................................................................................................................. 8
Classification platyhelminthes .................................................................................................................... 8
Phylum Rotifera ............................................................................................................................................... 8
Phylum Ectoprocta .......................................................................................................................................... 9
Phylum Brachiopoda ....................................................................................................................................... 9
Phylum Mollusca ............................................................................................................................................. 9
Classification Mollusca ............................................................................................................................... 9
Phylum Annelida ........................................................................................................................................... 10
Classification Annelida ............................................................................................................................. 10
Superphylum Ecdysozoa ..................................................................................................................................... 11
Phylum Nematoda......................................................................................................................................... 11
Phylum Arthropoda ....................................................................................................................................... 11
Classification arthropoda ......................................................................................................................... 12
Class Chelicerata .................................................................................................................................. 12
Class Myriapoda .................................................................................................................................. 12
Class Crustacea .................................................................................................................................... 12
Class Hexapoda .................................................................................................................................... 13
Superphylum Deuterostomia ............................................................................................................................. 13
Phylum Echinodermata ................................................................................................................................. 13
Phylum Chordata ........................................................................................................................................... 14
Classification Chordata ............................................................................................................................. 14
Class Vertebrata ................................................................................................................................... 14
Order Myxini ................................................................................................................................... 15
Order Petromyzontida .................................................................................................................... 15
Order Chondrichtyes....................................................................................................................... 15
Order Actinopterygii ....................................................................................................................... 15
Order Saropterygii .......................................................................................................................... 15
Order Amphibia .............................................................................................................................. 16
Order Reptilia .................................................................................................................................. 16
Order Mammals .............................................................................................................................. 16
Comparisons in vertebrates ...................................................................................................................... 17
Digestion ............................................................................................................................................................ 17
The skeleton ....................................................................................................................................................... 18
Excretory systems ............................................................................................................................................... 19
Respiration ......................................................................................................................................................... 20
Circulatory system .............................................................................................................................................. 20
1
,Introduction
What is an animal?
• Heterotrophic
• Consumers
• Multicellular
• Eukaryotic
• Don’t have cell walls
• Often have muscle and nerve cells
• Mostly reproduce sexually
• Characteristic developmental stages
History of animals
• Ediacaran biota 560 mya first multicellular on earth
• Cambrian explosion mya first predators
o First predators and prey relationships
o Genetic changes
o Atmospheric oxygen
o Volcanism caused calcium in the seas and land
• Colonization of the land 450 /365 mya first animals on land
• Rise of the first mammals 140 mya first mammals
• Rise of the earliest homonids 5 mya first homonids
Body plans: A collection of morphological and developmental features of a systematic group
• Symmetry
o Radial symmetry
o Bilateral symmetry
• Early development
o Zygote → cell division → blastula → gastrula
• Tissues
o Diploblastic animals ectoderm – endoderm
o Triploblastic animals ectoderm – mesoderm – endoderm
• Body cavity / coelom
o Advantages
▪ Organs can move independently from each other and from the body
wall
▪ A coelom can form a hydrostatic skeleton
▪ Coelomic fluids can protect organs from damage and provide transport
▪ Type of coelom
2
, o Coelom types
▪ Pseudocoelom
▪ True coelom
• Schizocoelom
• enterocoelom
Terms you need to know:
Phylogeny relationships between organisms
Classification Domain – kingdom – phylum – class – order – family – genus – species
Sessile organisms how can’t move un there own
Radiata multiple side symmetry
Bilateral symmetry two sided symmetry, development of central nervous system and
sense organs → directed locomotion
cephalization sense organs on one side of the body
Eumetazoa animals with tissues
Dimorphism two different forms in the life cycle of an organism
Eumetazoan animals with true tissues
Diploblastic animals with a ectoderm and endoderm
Triploblastic animals with a ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm
Protostomia if the mouth of the animal is formed first
Deuterostomia if the anus of the animal is formed first
Protonephridia cells that remove waste materials through filtration
Ecdysis the process of shedding old skin
Hermaphroditic animal with male and female reproductive parts
Parthenogenesis asexual reproduction, female produces an embryo without fertilization
Cryptobiosis a state that an organism stops all metabolic processes and enters a
stage to survive adverse environmental conditions.
Cyclostomes jawless
Gnathostomes have a jaw
Osteichthyans bony fish
Lobe-fins lobed paired fins which are joined to the body by a single bone
Tetrapods four footed animals
Amniotes embryo egg doesn’t need to be in the water
Ammocoete larva that is buried in mud and feeds on microorganisms
3
Pleun Maarssen 25-08-2023
Inhoudsopgave
Introduction ............................................................................................................................................... 2
What is an animal? .............................................................................................................................................. 2
History of animals ................................................................................................................................................ 2
Body plans ............................................................................................................................................................ 2
Terms you need to know ...................................................................................................................................... 3
Unicellularity .............................................................................................................................................. 4
Protista features................................................................................................................................................... 4
molecular evidence that Protista are the ancestors ............................................................................................ 4
Example of protista .............................................................................................................................................. 4
Multicellularity ........................................................................................................................................... 5
Phylum Porifera (sponge) ................................................................................................................................ 5
Phylum cnidaria ............................................................................................................................................... 6
Classification of phylum cnidaria................................................................................................................ 6
Phylum Ctenophora ........................................................................................................................................ 7
Phylum Acoela ................................................................................................................................................. 7
Superphylum lophotrochozoan ............................................................................................................................ 7
Phylum Platyhelminthes ................................................................................................................................. 8
Classification platyhelminthes .................................................................................................................... 8
Phylum Rotifera ............................................................................................................................................... 8
Phylum Ectoprocta .......................................................................................................................................... 9
Phylum Brachiopoda ....................................................................................................................................... 9
Phylum Mollusca ............................................................................................................................................. 9
Classification Mollusca ............................................................................................................................... 9
Phylum Annelida ........................................................................................................................................... 10
Classification Annelida ............................................................................................................................. 10
Superphylum Ecdysozoa ..................................................................................................................................... 11
Phylum Nematoda......................................................................................................................................... 11
Phylum Arthropoda ....................................................................................................................................... 11
Classification arthropoda ......................................................................................................................... 12
Class Chelicerata .................................................................................................................................. 12
Class Myriapoda .................................................................................................................................. 12
Class Crustacea .................................................................................................................................... 12
Class Hexapoda .................................................................................................................................... 13
Superphylum Deuterostomia ............................................................................................................................. 13
Phylum Echinodermata ................................................................................................................................. 13
Phylum Chordata ........................................................................................................................................... 14
Classification Chordata ............................................................................................................................. 14
Class Vertebrata ................................................................................................................................... 14
Order Myxini ................................................................................................................................... 15
Order Petromyzontida .................................................................................................................... 15
Order Chondrichtyes....................................................................................................................... 15
Order Actinopterygii ....................................................................................................................... 15
Order Saropterygii .......................................................................................................................... 15
Order Amphibia .............................................................................................................................. 16
Order Reptilia .................................................................................................................................. 16
Order Mammals .............................................................................................................................. 16
Comparisons in vertebrates ...................................................................................................................... 17
Digestion ............................................................................................................................................................ 17
The skeleton ....................................................................................................................................................... 18
Excretory systems ............................................................................................................................................... 19
Respiration ......................................................................................................................................................... 20
Circulatory system .............................................................................................................................................. 20
1
,Introduction
What is an animal?
• Heterotrophic
• Consumers
• Multicellular
• Eukaryotic
• Don’t have cell walls
• Often have muscle and nerve cells
• Mostly reproduce sexually
• Characteristic developmental stages
History of animals
• Ediacaran biota 560 mya first multicellular on earth
• Cambrian explosion mya first predators
o First predators and prey relationships
o Genetic changes
o Atmospheric oxygen
o Volcanism caused calcium in the seas and land
• Colonization of the land 450 /365 mya first animals on land
• Rise of the first mammals 140 mya first mammals
• Rise of the earliest homonids 5 mya first homonids
Body plans: A collection of morphological and developmental features of a systematic group
• Symmetry
o Radial symmetry
o Bilateral symmetry
• Early development
o Zygote → cell division → blastula → gastrula
• Tissues
o Diploblastic animals ectoderm – endoderm
o Triploblastic animals ectoderm – mesoderm – endoderm
• Body cavity / coelom
o Advantages
▪ Organs can move independently from each other and from the body
wall
▪ A coelom can form a hydrostatic skeleton
▪ Coelomic fluids can protect organs from damage and provide transport
▪ Type of coelom
2
, o Coelom types
▪ Pseudocoelom
▪ True coelom
• Schizocoelom
• enterocoelom
Terms you need to know:
Phylogeny relationships between organisms
Classification Domain – kingdom – phylum – class – order – family – genus – species
Sessile organisms how can’t move un there own
Radiata multiple side symmetry
Bilateral symmetry two sided symmetry, development of central nervous system and
sense organs → directed locomotion
cephalization sense organs on one side of the body
Eumetazoa animals with tissues
Dimorphism two different forms in the life cycle of an organism
Eumetazoan animals with true tissues
Diploblastic animals with a ectoderm and endoderm
Triploblastic animals with a ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm
Protostomia if the mouth of the animal is formed first
Deuterostomia if the anus of the animal is formed first
Protonephridia cells that remove waste materials through filtration
Ecdysis the process of shedding old skin
Hermaphroditic animal with male and female reproductive parts
Parthenogenesis asexual reproduction, female produces an embryo without fertilization
Cryptobiosis a state that an organism stops all metabolic processes and enters a
stage to survive adverse environmental conditions.
Cyclostomes jawless
Gnathostomes have a jaw
Osteichthyans bony fish
Lobe-fins lobed paired fins which are joined to the body by a single bone
Tetrapods four footed animals
Amniotes embryo egg doesn’t need to be in the water
Ammocoete larva that is buried in mud and feeds on microorganisms
3
