10/19/23, 1:21 AM HES4810 Ass 2 2021. Draft 1. environmental assignment 1
Impact Mitigation and Management
Assignment 2 (40%) - Answer all the questions
Due date: 28 June 2021
Unique number: 766347
Student name: ……………………………………………………………………………………
Student number: ….………………………………………………………………………………..
Contact details:
myLife e-mail address: …………………………………………………………………………………..
Cell number: …………………………………………………………………………………..
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,10/19/23, 1:21 AM HES4810 Ass 2 2021. Draft 1. environmental assignment 1
ANSWER ALL THE QUESTIONS
QUESTION 1
Use the information provided in the Lessons ONLY, to motivate for the existence of the Financial
provisional plan. Use your own words to BRIEFLY explain 5 points of importance. [5]
Financial provision is an essential aspect of the mining Environmental Management
Programme Report (EMPR) that ensures that rehabilitation is carried out and that it is of an
acceptable standard.
Financial provision also ensures that allowance is made for the actual cost of rehabilitation
work that needs to be implemented.
It ensures adequate funds are put aside so that companies/the government or the community
does not carry any liabilities.
Rehabilitation and closure costs must be incorporated into the overall project costs of the
activity.
The provision should reflect the real cost of rehabilitation and closure and should be based on
accepted accounting standards.
QUESTION 2
2.1 Use the Internet and the Lessons to answer this question. You have to read widely and provide
workable advice to relieve odours emanating from a chicken broiler. As an expert consultant,
suggest, discuss and illustrate 3 alternative methods other than traditional open windrow
composting to compost manure from a chicken broiler with the specific purpose to reduce
odours. Also provide a relative cost implication of the 3 suggested technologies. (15)
Introduction
Improper management and operation of manure may contribute to environmental
degradation and, to an extent, be detrimental to human and animal health (Keener et al.,
2014). It is widely accepted that excessive manure loading pose problems related to
accumulation of nitrates (in ground and surface water) as well as phosphorus; in addition,
gaseous emissions (from livestock facilities) can become significant nuisance and
environmental issues (Keener et al., 2014). Although collectively referred to as manure, the
term includes other waste products associated with chicken production, containing a variable
mixture of faecal matter, bedding materials (e.g., wood chips, wood shavings or sawdust, and
spilled feed) (Ranadheera et al., 2017) or even feathers, broken eggs and parts of birds or dead
birds (Griffiths, 2011).
According to Keener et al. (2014), there are numerous effective technologies for treating or
processing poultry litter that have the potential to reduce environmental impact and, to an
extent, create value-added products; such technologies include (i) burning (for electrical
generation), (ii) anaerobic digestion (for methane production), (iii)pelletizing (improved
transportability and application), (iv) and composting (to reduce odours, pathogens, and
moisture).
Compost systems
According to Misra et al. (2003), there are two main types of composting systems, these are
aerobic (takes place in the presence of ample oxygen) and anaerobic (decomposition occurs
where oxygen is absent or in limited supply) systems. Furthermore, these systems are divided
about:blank 2/22
, 10/19/23, 1:21 AM HES4810 Ass 2 2021. Draft 1. environmental assignment 1
into small-scale (traditional and rapid methods), large-scale (windrow and in-vessel
composing) as well as vermicomposting (the use of worms) (Misra et al., 2003).
Small-scale composting: traditional method.
This type of system is composed of the traditional (anaerobic composting as well as aerobic
composting through passive aeration) and the rapid methods (aerobic high temperature
composting, aerobic high temperature composting with inoculation, and IBS rapid composting)
(Mishra et al., 2003). Anaerobic Digestion (AD) forms part of the processes used in composting
in which absence of oxygenic micro-organisms naturally breakdown organic matters to
produce biogas – a mixture of carbon dioxide as well as methane, and digestate (Nitrogen-rich
fertilizer) (Akeju, 2020). According to DEFRA (2012), these by-products (biogas and digestate)
can be used for energy production (which could be used for combined heat and power) and
agricultural production, respectively. Anaerobic digestion works with either wet (with moisture
content more than 85%) or dry (moisture content less than 80%) materials (Akeju, 2020).
According to Mishra et al., (2003), this method overcomes many of the disadvantages such as
the problem of heap protection from adverse weather, nutrient losses from high winds and
strong sun, frequent turning requirements, and fly nuisance. It is worth mentioning, however,
that the time required to produce finished compost is much longer. The method is suitable for
areas with scanty rainfall (Mishra et al., 2003).
Large-scale composting: in-vessel method.
This method consists of windrow composting (turned, passively aerated, and aerated static
pile) and in-vessel composting (bin, passively aerated in bin, rectangular agitated beds, silos,
transportable containers, and rotating drums) (Mishra et al., 2003). According to Akeju (2020)
and Aslam (2007), In-Vessel Composting (IVC) is one of the composting systems that uses
forced aeration with/without mechanical stirring of the compostable materials in an enclosed
(e.g., drums, silo or any sort of container) system and eventually produce compost which is
produced under uniform temperature and moisture conditions with controlled odour. IVC is a
very effective compost system as it can even be used in treating waste mixtures that contain
both food and garden wastes in a controlled environment, it also provides the user the ability
to monitor the temperature and control it (Wrap, 2012). The table below compares advantages
and disadvantages of both the AD and IVC according to Akeju (2020).
In-vessel composting Anaerobic digestion
Not limited by seasons and periods Produces less amount of emission
Process air and leachate can be more easily Requires skilled labor and technical
collected and treated knowhow, requiring monitoring and sorting
of feedstock
easier to obtain PAS 100 certification for Getting PAS 110 could be difficult.
high value and marketable compost using
IVC
There is a high control level in IVC which Requires effective and efficient storage
ensures good quality of compost facilities to hold the gases produced.
Improper handling of gas may lead to
explosion
Problem of odor could cause complaints by It has to completely digest all the wastes to
about:blank 3/22
Impact Mitigation and Management
Assignment 2 (40%) - Answer all the questions
Due date: 28 June 2021
Unique number: 766347
Student name: ……………………………………………………………………………………
Student number: ….………………………………………………………………………………..
Contact details:
myLife e-mail address: …………………………………………………………………………………..
Cell number: …………………………………………………………………………………..
about:blank 1/22
,10/19/23, 1:21 AM HES4810 Ass 2 2021. Draft 1. environmental assignment 1
ANSWER ALL THE QUESTIONS
QUESTION 1
Use the information provided in the Lessons ONLY, to motivate for the existence of the Financial
provisional plan. Use your own words to BRIEFLY explain 5 points of importance. [5]
Financial provision is an essential aspect of the mining Environmental Management
Programme Report (EMPR) that ensures that rehabilitation is carried out and that it is of an
acceptable standard.
Financial provision also ensures that allowance is made for the actual cost of rehabilitation
work that needs to be implemented.
It ensures adequate funds are put aside so that companies/the government or the community
does not carry any liabilities.
Rehabilitation and closure costs must be incorporated into the overall project costs of the
activity.
The provision should reflect the real cost of rehabilitation and closure and should be based on
accepted accounting standards.
QUESTION 2
2.1 Use the Internet and the Lessons to answer this question. You have to read widely and provide
workable advice to relieve odours emanating from a chicken broiler. As an expert consultant,
suggest, discuss and illustrate 3 alternative methods other than traditional open windrow
composting to compost manure from a chicken broiler with the specific purpose to reduce
odours. Also provide a relative cost implication of the 3 suggested technologies. (15)
Introduction
Improper management and operation of manure may contribute to environmental
degradation and, to an extent, be detrimental to human and animal health (Keener et al.,
2014). It is widely accepted that excessive manure loading pose problems related to
accumulation of nitrates (in ground and surface water) as well as phosphorus; in addition,
gaseous emissions (from livestock facilities) can become significant nuisance and
environmental issues (Keener et al., 2014). Although collectively referred to as manure, the
term includes other waste products associated with chicken production, containing a variable
mixture of faecal matter, bedding materials (e.g., wood chips, wood shavings or sawdust, and
spilled feed) (Ranadheera et al., 2017) or even feathers, broken eggs and parts of birds or dead
birds (Griffiths, 2011).
According to Keener et al. (2014), there are numerous effective technologies for treating or
processing poultry litter that have the potential to reduce environmental impact and, to an
extent, create value-added products; such technologies include (i) burning (for electrical
generation), (ii) anaerobic digestion (for methane production), (iii)pelletizing (improved
transportability and application), (iv) and composting (to reduce odours, pathogens, and
moisture).
Compost systems
According to Misra et al. (2003), there are two main types of composting systems, these are
aerobic (takes place in the presence of ample oxygen) and anaerobic (decomposition occurs
where oxygen is absent or in limited supply) systems. Furthermore, these systems are divided
about:blank 2/22
, 10/19/23, 1:21 AM HES4810 Ass 2 2021. Draft 1. environmental assignment 1
into small-scale (traditional and rapid methods), large-scale (windrow and in-vessel
composing) as well as vermicomposting (the use of worms) (Misra et al., 2003).
Small-scale composting: traditional method.
This type of system is composed of the traditional (anaerobic composting as well as aerobic
composting through passive aeration) and the rapid methods (aerobic high temperature
composting, aerobic high temperature composting with inoculation, and IBS rapid composting)
(Mishra et al., 2003). Anaerobic Digestion (AD) forms part of the processes used in composting
in which absence of oxygenic micro-organisms naturally breakdown organic matters to
produce biogas – a mixture of carbon dioxide as well as methane, and digestate (Nitrogen-rich
fertilizer) (Akeju, 2020). According to DEFRA (2012), these by-products (biogas and digestate)
can be used for energy production (which could be used for combined heat and power) and
agricultural production, respectively. Anaerobic digestion works with either wet (with moisture
content more than 85%) or dry (moisture content less than 80%) materials (Akeju, 2020).
According to Mishra et al., (2003), this method overcomes many of the disadvantages such as
the problem of heap protection from adverse weather, nutrient losses from high winds and
strong sun, frequent turning requirements, and fly nuisance. It is worth mentioning, however,
that the time required to produce finished compost is much longer. The method is suitable for
areas with scanty rainfall (Mishra et al., 2003).
Large-scale composting: in-vessel method.
This method consists of windrow composting (turned, passively aerated, and aerated static
pile) and in-vessel composting (bin, passively aerated in bin, rectangular agitated beds, silos,
transportable containers, and rotating drums) (Mishra et al., 2003). According to Akeju (2020)
and Aslam (2007), In-Vessel Composting (IVC) is one of the composting systems that uses
forced aeration with/without mechanical stirring of the compostable materials in an enclosed
(e.g., drums, silo or any sort of container) system and eventually produce compost which is
produced under uniform temperature and moisture conditions with controlled odour. IVC is a
very effective compost system as it can even be used in treating waste mixtures that contain
both food and garden wastes in a controlled environment, it also provides the user the ability
to monitor the temperature and control it (Wrap, 2012). The table below compares advantages
and disadvantages of both the AD and IVC according to Akeju (2020).
In-vessel composting Anaerobic digestion
Not limited by seasons and periods Produces less amount of emission
Process air and leachate can be more easily Requires skilled labor and technical
collected and treated knowhow, requiring monitoring and sorting
of feedstock
easier to obtain PAS 100 certification for Getting PAS 110 could be difficult.
high value and marketable compost using
IVC
There is a high control level in IVC which Requires effective and efficient storage
ensures good quality of compost facilities to hold the gases produced.
Improper handling of gas may lead to
explosion
Problem of odor could cause complaints by It has to completely digest all the wastes to
about:blank 3/22
