Exam: October 18, 2022
BRING A CALCULATOR
Psychology: the scientific study of mind and behavior
● mind: private inner experience of perception, thoughts
● behavior: observable actions of human beings and non-human animals
Experiment: a technique of establishing a causal relationship between
variables
! there is a better sentence abt psychology in this slide!
Cognition: all mental processes that lead to thoughts, knowledge, and
awareness
Cognitive Processes: mechanisms that underly cognition
~Cognitive processes govern Cognitive functions like attention, memory,
learning, decision making, learning, decision making, and language,… ~
Neglect: Hemi spatial/unilateral inattention
Aphasia: trouble producing or understanding speech
Dyslexia: trouble with reading
Prosopagnosia: inability to recognise faces
Visual agnosia: inability to recognise visual objects
Continental rationalist (knowledge is innate or inborn: nativism)
● Benedict Espinoza
● Gottfried Leibniz
● Rene Descartes
○ Dualism: the mind is not supreme: body and mind are separate
entities that interact (via pineal gland)
British empiricist (knowledge is acquired)
● John Locke
● George Berkeley
● David Hume
Just Noticeable Difference (JDN): the minimum difference in stimulation that
a person can detect 50% of the time.
,Donders (Mental Chronometry):
● simple reaction time: press a button whenever you hear → detection RT
● Differential/choice reaction time press the different buttons depending
on the syllable → Detection RT + Discrimination RT + Decision RT
● Go/no go reaction time → Detection RT + Discrimination RT
Structuralism: consciousness should be the focus of study via analyses of
the basic elements that constitute the mind ←Melody played to a participant
● Edward Titchener and 3 elementary states of consciousness
○ Sensations - sights, sounds, tastes
○ Images - components of thought
○ Affections - components of emotions
Behaviourism: the introspective processes cannot be studied and overt
behavior should be studied bc instead:
● The only way to understand animal and human learning and adaptation
is to focus solely on their behavior
● Behavior can be observed by anyone and measured objectively
● The goal of scientific psychology is to predict and control behavior in a
way that benefits society.
* Behaviorism was part of the logical positivism movement that introduced the
operational definition
○ Operational Definitions: a description of a property in terms of a
concrete condition that can be measured
Pavlov and classical conditioning
US = unconditioned stimulus that produces an UR = unconditioned response
↓
When the US is repeatedly paired with another stimulus, the other stimulus
becomes a CS = conditioned stimulus that produces a CR = conditioned
response which is the same as the UR but now occurs without the original US.
,Skinner: Operant Conditioning
● Learning occurs through reinforcement and punishment, which can be
both positive and negative
Gestalt Principle: The whole is more than the sum of its part. >>> Apparent
motion
● Rejects
➔ Structuralism: bc experience is more than a function of sensation
➔ Behaviorism: complex behavior is more than the sum of its
components.
~ Perception is a construction not a reflection of the sensation
Scientific method: Observations can lead to mistakes, false conclusions, and
illusions, so we need a set of rules and techniques to avoid those
1. Theorize/generate an idea
2. Formulate falsafialble hypothesis
3. Collect and analyze data
4. Draw conclusions regarding the hypothesis
Deduction: Drawing inferences based on premises (assumptions)
, Humans are difficult to study
● Complexity: thoughts feelings and actions are driven by 500 million
neurons
● Variability: All else being equal, individuals are very different
● Reactivity: People under observation reach differently than when alone
A little bit of random statistics??
● Mode: most occurring value in the sample
● Median: value that splits the data file into two
● Mean: arithmetic average
Type 1 error: an observed effect is not real
Type II error: an observed null-effect is not real
BRING A CALCULATOR
Psychology: the scientific study of mind and behavior
● mind: private inner experience of perception, thoughts
● behavior: observable actions of human beings and non-human animals
Experiment: a technique of establishing a causal relationship between
variables
! there is a better sentence abt psychology in this slide!
Cognition: all mental processes that lead to thoughts, knowledge, and
awareness
Cognitive Processes: mechanisms that underly cognition
~Cognitive processes govern Cognitive functions like attention, memory,
learning, decision making, learning, decision making, and language,… ~
Neglect: Hemi spatial/unilateral inattention
Aphasia: trouble producing or understanding speech
Dyslexia: trouble with reading
Prosopagnosia: inability to recognise faces
Visual agnosia: inability to recognise visual objects
Continental rationalist (knowledge is innate or inborn: nativism)
● Benedict Espinoza
● Gottfried Leibniz
● Rene Descartes
○ Dualism: the mind is not supreme: body and mind are separate
entities that interact (via pineal gland)
British empiricist (knowledge is acquired)
● John Locke
● George Berkeley
● David Hume
Just Noticeable Difference (JDN): the minimum difference in stimulation that
a person can detect 50% of the time.
,Donders (Mental Chronometry):
● simple reaction time: press a button whenever you hear → detection RT
● Differential/choice reaction time press the different buttons depending
on the syllable → Detection RT + Discrimination RT + Decision RT
● Go/no go reaction time → Detection RT + Discrimination RT
Structuralism: consciousness should be the focus of study via analyses of
the basic elements that constitute the mind ←Melody played to a participant
● Edward Titchener and 3 elementary states of consciousness
○ Sensations - sights, sounds, tastes
○ Images - components of thought
○ Affections - components of emotions
Behaviourism: the introspective processes cannot be studied and overt
behavior should be studied bc instead:
● The only way to understand animal and human learning and adaptation
is to focus solely on their behavior
● Behavior can be observed by anyone and measured objectively
● The goal of scientific psychology is to predict and control behavior in a
way that benefits society.
* Behaviorism was part of the logical positivism movement that introduced the
operational definition
○ Operational Definitions: a description of a property in terms of a
concrete condition that can be measured
Pavlov and classical conditioning
US = unconditioned stimulus that produces an UR = unconditioned response
↓
When the US is repeatedly paired with another stimulus, the other stimulus
becomes a CS = conditioned stimulus that produces a CR = conditioned
response which is the same as the UR but now occurs without the original US.
,Skinner: Operant Conditioning
● Learning occurs through reinforcement and punishment, which can be
both positive and negative
Gestalt Principle: The whole is more than the sum of its part. >>> Apparent
motion
● Rejects
➔ Structuralism: bc experience is more than a function of sensation
➔ Behaviorism: complex behavior is more than the sum of its
components.
~ Perception is a construction not a reflection of the sensation
Scientific method: Observations can lead to mistakes, false conclusions, and
illusions, so we need a set of rules and techniques to avoid those
1. Theorize/generate an idea
2. Formulate falsafialble hypothesis
3. Collect and analyze data
4. Draw conclusions regarding the hypothesis
Deduction: Drawing inferences based on premises (assumptions)
, Humans are difficult to study
● Complexity: thoughts feelings and actions are driven by 500 million
neurons
● Variability: All else being equal, individuals are very different
● Reactivity: People under observation reach differently than when alone
A little bit of random statistics??
● Mode: most occurring value in the sample
● Median: value that splits the data file into two
● Mean: arithmetic average
Type 1 error: an observed effect is not real
Type II error: an observed null-effect is not real
