IBCLC Exam Resurch Section Questions With Correct Answers

Hawthorne effect - Answer study participants behave differently (usually better) because they know they are being observed Placebo effect - Answer The placebo effect is when a "fake treatment" (e.g., a sugar pill) is used in one study group (while the other group gets the "real" treatment) and it works because the person believes it will work. But it has no "real" therapeutic properties. Pygmalion effect - Answer Also called the Rosenthal effect, this phenomenon occurs when expectations lead to an increase in performance. This effect is named after the Greek myth of Pygmalion, a sculptor who fell in love with a statue he had carved. Rosenthal effect - Answer Named for the 1968 work of Rosenthal and Jacobsen, this effect occurs when the teacher's expectations influence the student's performance. Also called the Pygmalian effect. (This is different from the Hawthorne effect, which is more about "observation" than about "expectations." VanderWoude effect - Answer As far as I know, there is no such thing as the VanderWoode effect! I made it up! (There is definitely a VanderWoode syndrome, but that's a clinical condition, not a research effect!) phenomenology - Answer Phenomenology answers the question: "What is it like to have a certain experience?" It seeks to understand the phenomenon of a lived experience - this may be related to an emotion, such as loneliness or depression, to a relationship, or to being part of an organization or group. grounded theory - Answer Grounded theory focuses on the task of theory construction and verification. The inductive nature of qualitative research is considered essential for generating a theory. It searches to identify the core social processes within a given social situation. According to classic authorities, Glaser and Straus, grounded theory - Answer is a general method, a way of thinking about and conceptualizing data, and from that data, constructing a theory. Qualitative studies consist of three flexible phases: - Answer orientation and overview, the first phase focused exploration, he second phase confirmation and closure, the third phase retrospective study - Answer the data or events happened in the past. A retrospective cohort study, also called a historic cohort study, is a longitudinal cohort study that studies a cohort of individuals that share a common exposure factor to determine its influence on the development of a disease, and are compared to another group of equivalent individuals that were not exposed to that parallel study - Answer A parallel study is a type of clinical study where two groups of treatments, A and B, are given so that one group receives only A while another group receives only B cross-over study - Answer A type of randomized controlled trial in which participants serve as their own controls confounding variable - Answer is one which "confounds" (messes up) the data. "Confound" means to confuse or bewilder. control group - Answer the one that gets either no treatment whatsoever, or they get the "standard" treatment. (But not the experimental treatment.) convenience group - Answer is one that is "conveniently" entered into the study. experimental group - Answer group gets the treatment. Also known as the intervention group prospective study - Answer study that looks ahead, so it selects participants and monitors them over time for certain outcomes