Complete Summary
Linguistics 2
Analysing Sentences
Chapters 1-9
Anouk de Waard
BA English Language and Culture
Leiden University
,Index
Index 1
Chapter 1 5
What is structure? 5
Tree Diagrams 5
Phrases 5
Establishing constituents 6
‘Phrase’ and ‘constituent’ 6
Chapter 2 7
Subject and predicate 7
Subject 7
Predicate 7
Noun Phrase and Verb Phrase 7
Noun Phrase 7
Verb Phrase 7
Dependency and function 7
Head 7
Modifier 7
Complement 8
Recursive phrases 8
Chapter 3 9
Distribution 9
Categories 9
Lexical categories 9
Phrasal categories 9
Nouns 9
Proper nouns 9
Common nouns 9
Pronouns 10
Lexical and phrasal categories 10
Noun and Noun phrase 10
Verb and Verb phrase 10
Adjective Phrases and Adverb Phrases 10
Representing Adjective phrases 10
Prepositions and Prepositional Phrases 11
Coordinate Phrases 11
1
,Chapter 4 12
First look at verbs 12
Lexical verbs 12
Auxiliary verbs 12
Complements of lexical verbs 12
Two types of complements to a verb 12
Objects 12
Predicatives 12
Six sub-categories of lexical verbs 13
Transitive verbs 13
Intransitive verbs 13
Ditransitive verbs 13
Intensive 13
Complex transitive 14
Prepositional 14
Six sub-categories of lexical verbs table 15
Chapter 5 16
Adverbials 16
Adjunct adverbials 16
Disjunct adverbials (XP) 16
Conjunct adverbials (XP) 16
Phrasal Verbs 16
Ellipsis (E) 17
Chapter 6 - Part 1 18
Lexical and auxiliary verbs 18
Contrast 18
Tense and Time 18
Subject-verb agreement in complex VPs 18
English has no future tense 18
Tense for first in the sequence 18
Modals must be tensed 18
Distributional division of English verbs 19
Modals 19
Perfect ‘HAVE’ 19
Progressive ‘BE’ 20
‘HAVE’ and ‘BE’ 20
Passive ‘BE’ 20
The Syntax of VPs containing Auxiliary verbs 20
Stacked VPs 20
Auxiliary Verb Phrases and Adverbials 21
2
, Chapter 6 - Part 2 22
Constructions that depend on auxiliaries 22
Passive sentences 22
Negative sentences 23
Questions 23
More on have and be 24
Have 24
Be 24
Chapter 7 24
The structure of Noun Phrases 25
Determiners 25
Articles (ART) 25
Demonstratives (DEM) 25
Quantifying determiners (quantifiers) (Q) 26
Possessives 26
The Empty determiner ( ) 26
Pre-determiners 27
Pre-modifiers in NOM 27
Adjective Phrases 27
Quantifying adjectives (QA) 27
Participle phrases (PartP) 28
Nouns 28
The structure of NOM 28
Post-modifiers 29
Prepositional phrases 29
Adjective phrases 30
Modification of pronouns 30
NOM and the pro-NOM one 31
Chapter 8 31
Sentences within sentences 32
Complementisers: that and whether 33
Functions of that- and whether-clauses 34
Subject - and extraposed subject 34
Object extraposition 34
Direct objects that are bare S’ 35
S’ as a Complement of V within VP 35
S’ as a complement of intensive be 35
S‘ as a Complement of A within AP 36
S’ as a Complement of N within NP 36
S’ as a Complement of P within PP 37
3
Linguistics 2
Analysing Sentences
Chapters 1-9
Anouk de Waard
BA English Language and Culture
Leiden University
,Index
Index 1
Chapter 1 5
What is structure? 5
Tree Diagrams 5
Phrases 5
Establishing constituents 6
‘Phrase’ and ‘constituent’ 6
Chapter 2 7
Subject and predicate 7
Subject 7
Predicate 7
Noun Phrase and Verb Phrase 7
Noun Phrase 7
Verb Phrase 7
Dependency and function 7
Head 7
Modifier 7
Complement 8
Recursive phrases 8
Chapter 3 9
Distribution 9
Categories 9
Lexical categories 9
Phrasal categories 9
Nouns 9
Proper nouns 9
Common nouns 9
Pronouns 10
Lexical and phrasal categories 10
Noun and Noun phrase 10
Verb and Verb phrase 10
Adjective Phrases and Adverb Phrases 10
Representing Adjective phrases 10
Prepositions and Prepositional Phrases 11
Coordinate Phrases 11
1
,Chapter 4 12
First look at verbs 12
Lexical verbs 12
Auxiliary verbs 12
Complements of lexical verbs 12
Two types of complements to a verb 12
Objects 12
Predicatives 12
Six sub-categories of lexical verbs 13
Transitive verbs 13
Intransitive verbs 13
Ditransitive verbs 13
Intensive 13
Complex transitive 14
Prepositional 14
Six sub-categories of lexical verbs table 15
Chapter 5 16
Adverbials 16
Adjunct adverbials 16
Disjunct adverbials (XP) 16
Conjunct adverbials (XP) 16
Phrasal Verbs 16
Ellipsis (E) 17
Chapter 6 - Part 1 18
Lexical and auxiliary verbs 18
Contrast 18
Tense and Time 18
Subject-verb agreement in complex VPs 18
English has no future tense 18
Tense for first in the sequence 18
Modals must be tensed 18
Distributional division of English verbs 19
Modals 19
Perfect ‘HAVE’ 19
Progressive ‘BE’ 20
‘HAVE’ and ‘BE’ 20
Passive ‘BE’ 20
The Syntax of VPs containing Auxiliary verbs 20
Stacked VPs 20
Auxiliary Verb Phrases and Adverbials 21
2
, Chapter 6 - Part 2 22
Constructions that depend on auxiliaries 22
Passive sentences 22
Negative sentences 23
Questions 23
More on have and be 24
Have 24
Be 24
Chapter 7 24
The structure of Noun Phrases 25
Determiners 25
Articles (ART) 25
Demonstratives (DEM) 25
Quantifying determiners (quantifiers) (Q) 26
Possessives 26
The Empty determiner ( ) 26
Pre-determiners 27
Pre-modifiers in NOM 27
Adjective Phrases 27
Quantifying adjectives (QA) 27
Participle phrases (PartP) 28
Nouns 28
The structure of NOM 28
Post-modifiers 29
Prepositional phrases 29
Adjective phrases 30
Modification of pronouns 30
NOM and the pro-NOM one 31
Chapter 8 31
Sentences within sentences 32
Complementisers: that and whether 33
Functions of that- and whether-clauses 34
Subject - and extraposed subject 34
Object extraposition 34
Direct objects that are bare S’ 35
S’ as a Complement of V within VP 35
S’ as a complement of intensive be 35
S‘ as a Complement of A within AP 36
S’ as a Complement of N within NP 36
S’ as a Complement of P within PP 37
3
