DAVITA FINAL EXAM (STUDY GUIDE) QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS GRADED TO PASS

Fluid pushed thru a semipermeable membrane - ultrafiltration Known as solute drag, solute move w/ water across the semipermeable membrane. *kidneys remove waste this way* - convection Movement of dissolved particles across a semipermeable membrane from *high* to *low* concentration - diffusion Fluid move from *low* to *high* solute concentration - osmosis 1) fluid balance (ultrafiltration) 2) electrolyte balance (diffusion) 3) acid/base balance - kidneys excretory functions 1) renin (angiotensin aldosterone system) 2) erythropoiesis 3) vitamin d & calcium regulation - kidneys endocrine functions Function of bicarbonate - maintains acid-base balance and help clean blood by functioning as the primary buffer in the body How do we replace *excretory* functions? - hemodialysis removes urea, salt, excess water from blood which normalizes electrolytes and metabolic acidosis Hormones replaced by medications such as epogen, iron, antihypertensive (ace inhibitors), phosphate binders, vitamins d, calcimetric agents - how we replace *endocrine* functions? 1) edema & pulmonary edema 2) hypertension 3) chronic heart failure 4) shortness of breath 5) headaches - signs & symptoms of fluid imbalance Hypertension leads to - left ventricular hypertrophy (lvh) Why is sodium balance important? - sodium holds onto water, thirst and blood pressure control 1) extreme muscle weakness 2) irregular heart rhythm (brady) 3) wide qrs 4) cardia arrest - signs and symptoms of hyperkalemia 1. Fatigue 2. Muscle weakness 3. Respiratory failure 4. Irritable heart muscle 4. Dysrhythmias (irregular heartbeat) 6. Cardia arrest - signs and symptoms of hypokalemia Lack of erythropoeitin - primary cause of anemia Secondary cause of anemia? - blood loss 1) heparin lines are clamped 2) wait 3-5 min after heparin dose 3) proper priming - how to prevent blood loss What is the sac inflammation of the heart that is indicated by fever, hearing rub, low blood pressure, and chest pain? - pericarditis 1) lower heparin 2) more dialysis 3)* more antibiotics & anti-inflammatory meds* - treatment of pericarditis Recommend fatty lotions, lukewarm water, antihistamine (allergy relievers), pat not rub skin dry and checking phosphorus levels - if patient is complaining of dry, itchy skin What would you do if patient complaints of peripheral neuropathy (nerve pain)? - check water temperature, wear good shoes, no barefeet, and observe/inspect feet 1) calcium 2) phosphorus 3) pth (parathyroid hormone) 4) calcium/vitamin d - four key elements affected in ckd-mbd What is aki? - acute renal injury (failure), kidneys can't filter waste from blood on their own. 1) blood loss (hemorrhaging) 2) blood clots 3) burns *not getting blood flow to kidneys* - examples of pre- renal causes of aki 1) medications 2) dyes * not getting blood inside the kidneys* - examples of intra- renal causes of aki 1. Kidney stones 2. Neurogenic bladder 3. Vesicoureteral reflux (reflux from bladder ureter) *blockage to kidneys* - examples of post-renal causes of aki 1) removing blockages 2) managing blood loss 3) dialysis till kidneys functions - how to help in restoring kidney function How do you protect kidneys from further injury? - keeping a patient more "wet" than dry stimulates the kidneys to keep working and make urine. Be aware of dyes What is important when monitoring weight and bp? - hypovolemia and hypotension episodes can cause renal/schiema and further damage to kidneys Aki patients are risk of ? - kidney infections 1) risk at infections 2) access may not run well - things to consider with vascular access (cvc) Difference between aki & ckd - acute: some urine production/kidney function ( temporary Chronic: no urine & kidney function (permeant) 1) immunocompromised because of kidney failure 2) technicians going from patient to patient - are what makes dialysis patients more susceptible to hais (healthcare associated infections) 1) prolonged access to patient's blood during hemodialysis 2) bacterial infections especially w/ cvc's - reasons why dialysis patients have an increase risk for acquiring a hai at the facility What is the difference between osha and cms infection control requirements? - osha (employers providing a safe workplace) Cms (patient care & safety)