NBME CBSE REAL EXAM 200 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS LATEST (usmle step 1)MEDICAL EXAMINATION 2023 WELL ELABORATED

Bulbus cordis Smooth parts (outflow tract) of left and right ventricles endocardial cushions Atrial septum, membranous interventricular septum; AV and semilunar valves neural crest left horn of the sinus venosus coronary sinus posterior, sub cardinal, and supra cardinal veins IVC Right common cardinal vein and right anterior cardinal vein SVC Right horn of sinus venosus Smooth part of right atrium (sinus venarum) Patent foramen ovale failure of septum primum and septum secundum to fuse after birth Transposition of the great vessels Tetralogy of Fallot Persistent truncus arteriosus Conotruncal abnormalities associated with failure of neural crest cells to migrate ductus venosus connects the umbilical vein to the inferior vena cava, bypassing the liver becomes ligamentum venosum phrenic nerve innervates the diaphragm and pericardium S3 heart sound Increased ventricular filling pressure (e.g., mitral regurgitation, HF), common in dilated ventricles normal in kids and pregnant women S4 heart sound atrial kick late diastole, right before S1 best heard at apex in LLD position High atrial pressure. Stiff/hypertrophic ventricle (aortic stenosis, restrictive cardiomyopathy) Always abnormal atria contract a wave of JVP c wave RV contraction (closed tricuspid valve bulging into atrium) wave of JVP x descent JVP wave corresponding to downward displacement of closed tricuspid valve during rapid ventricular ejection phase reduced or absent in tricuspid regurge V wave JVP wave corresponding to inc'd RA pressure due to filling against closed tricuspid valve y descent JVP wave corresponding to RA emptying into RV absent in cardiac tamponade plusus parvus et tardus pulses are weak with delayed peak