Human Growth and Development Chapters 1-3 with correct answers

Developmental Psychology the study of how and why people change throughout life The Lifespan Perspective: Lifelong Development people continue to grow and change throughout life Lifelong Development: Plasticity the ability to be shaped/molded ex: brain exercises for memory, workout, eat right, etc. Multidimensional Development development occurs in several different areas Multidimensional Development: Physical Development changes in physical growth, the brain, the sense, etc. Multidimensional Development: Cognitive Development changes in thinking, memory, reasoning, etc. Multidimensional Development: Psychosocial (Socioemotional) Development changes in personality, emotions, relationships, etc. Multicontextual Development development is influenced by a lot of different contexts (environments) Multicontextual Development: Historical Context when you were born Historical Context: Cohort people who were born within a few years of each other. They tend to develop in a similar way Socioeconomic Context social/economic standing Socioeconomic Status (SES) education, income, occupation, place of residence ex: poorer= unhealthier foods, cant afford to go to the doctor, work all the time so can't maintain relationships, no education - cognitive Multicontextual Development: Cultural Context where you were born Culture values and traditions shared by a group of people Multidirectional Development development involves both growth and decline ex: get older - memory declines but vocabulary improves Multidirectional Development: The Butterfly Effect small events can have a huge impact on us and our development ex: someone calling you fat in grade school gave you self-image problems Prenatal Development time period between conception and birth (38 wks on average) Stages of Prenatal Development: Germinal Stage Zygote, first two weeks of pregnancy Cell division Identical twins: one fertilized egg completely separates Fraternal twins: two separate eggs fertilized by two separate sperm Germinal Stage: Differentiation cells start to specialize, 8th in cell division process, start to become brain tissue, etc. Germinal Stage: Implantation zygote burrows into uterine wall as soon as it occurs you enter the second stage Embryonic Stage embryo, 3rd to 8th weeks of pregnancy Brain, spinal cord, and organs develop. Heart starts beating. Critical period-extremely vulnerable Fetal Stage fetus, 9th week through birth Fetal Stage: Major Developments Organs: are functioning (breathe, urinate) Sex: can be determined as early as 12th week (usually 16th-20th week) Quickening: feel baby move, 16th week Weight/Muscle Gain: especially towards the end Age of viability: can survive if born, 22 to 24 weeks Influences on Prenatal Development: Teratogens any substances or conditions that can cause abnormal prenatal development ex: malnutrition, stress, drugs, illness Influences on Prenatal Development: Diet Weight recommendations: gain 25 to 30 pounds Effects of malnutrition: intellectual disability, prematurity, low birth weight Rare Meat (and cat poo): contains toxoplasmosis; can lead to sensory loss and brain damage Seafood: contains mercury; can lead to intellectual disability, stunted physical growth Influences on Prenatal Development: Drugs Alcohol: can cause fetal alcohol syndrome, ADHD, mental health problems. Anxiety, depression Nicotine: can cause miscarriage, prematurity, low birth weight, slow physical growth, learning difficulties, SIDS; strongest predictor of infant death Caffeine: stimulant. Controversial, may cause miscarriage and SIDS in large amounts. 2 cups a day = more likely to miscarry Spontaneous Abortion (miscarriage) expulsion of baby before the 20th week Early Miscarriages before the 12 week. Usually chromosomal problem Late Miscarriages 12th-20th week. Usually problems with the placenta Spontaneous Abortion (miscarriage): Gender differences males more likely to be miscarried because of sex chromosome Labor and Delivery: Stage 1 contractions begin, cervix dilates (10 cm) and effaces (thins out). Typically 6 to 12 hours Labor and Delivery: Stage 2 push with contractions, crowning occurs, one to two hours Labor and Delivery: Stage 3 baby is out, placenta is expelled, minutes to an hour Reasons for C-sections: Previous C-Section can rip open abdominal wall during contractions Reasons for C-sections: Cephalopelvic Disproportion baby wont fit 2nd and 3rd baby tend to be larger Reasons for C-sections: Placenta Previa placenta will detach early. Placenta isn't in the right place, too close to cervical opening Reasons for C-sections: Malpresentation baby isn't turned right Other reasons for c-sections slow labor or fetal distress Physical Growth - Weight 7.5 lbs at birth, tripled by one year Physical Growth - Height 20 in. long at birth; 10 inches taller by one year Physical Growth - Growth Patterns grows head first then down the body; trunk out Physical Growth - The Brain: Newborn lost of neurons; few connections Physical Growth - The Brain: First Two Years a.) Millions of connections are formed b.) Synaptic pruning: connections not used are lost Motor Skills - Reflexes involuntary movements in response to stimuli Survival reflexes necessary for survival/saftey ex: rooting, sucking, breathing Primitive reflexes not necessary Startle easily, palmar (touch palm and they squeeze) and plantar (touch foot and they flex) Gross motor skills movements involving large muscles of the body 3 months-rolling over 9 months-crawling