BRM Midterm

BRM Midterm 1. When the outcomes can be generalized. This has been established to some extent if outcomes have been researched to allow arguments for generalization. 2. What's manipulated or the intervention (Intervention procedures that are manipulated and hypothesized to be related to outcomes) A. External validity B. Dependent Variable C. Sample D. Independent Variable E. Internal Validity F. Confounding Variable G. Repeatability - CORRECT ANSWER-1a: EXTERNAL VALIDITY, 2d: INDEPENDENT VARIABLE 3. Factors that create ambiguity in outcomes 4. What's measured to judge outcomes 5. When the design and data make it possible to make causal or functional arguments A. External validity B. Dependent Variable C. Sample D. Independent Variable E. Internal Validity F. Confounding Variable G. Repeatability - CORRECT ANSWER-3f: CONFOUNDING VARIABLE, 4b: DEPENDENT VARIABLE, 5e: INTERNAL VALIDITY 6. Which of the following is not a role of the Scientist-Practitioner Model a. Practitioner as researcher b. Consumer of research c. Evaluator of own interventions d. Practitioner as a benefactor - CORRECT ANSWER-6d: PRACTITIONER AS A BENEFACTOR 7. Internal validity, social validity of change and effect size all contribute to a. Sampling b. Strength of findings c. Quasi-Experimental Design - CORRECT ANSWER-7b: STRENGTH OF FINDINGS 8. Which of the following is a dimension of Applied Behavior Analysis and Single Case Design a. Reliable b. Accountable c. Analytic d. Mysterious - CORRECT ANSWER-8c: ANALYTIC 9. Group Comparison Design is a more scientifically valid research method than Single Case Design. TRUE or FALSE - CORRECT ANSWER-FALSE 10. Single case design should be considered when progress monitoring allowing for flexibility in changing intervention may be needed. TRUE or FALSE - CORRECT ANSWER-TRUE 3. This aspect of ethics involves an understanding the research including who is doing what, where, when, how often, why, data use and risks. a. Confidentiality b. Voluntary involvement c. Effective treatment d. Consent - CORRECT ANSWER-3d: CONSENT 4. Which is NOT a characteristic of an intervention chosen to use in research? a. Likely to produce effects. b. Most restrictive procedure. c. Can be supported in the environment. d. Most effective procedure. - CORRECT ANSWER-4b: MOST RESTRICTIVE PROCEDURE 5. Using punishment as a research procedure requires additional review. TRUE or FALSE - CORRECT ANSWER-5T: TRUE 6. There is only one type of replication. TRUE or FALSE. - CORRECT ANSWER-6F: FALSE 7. During intervention for negative behaviors, it is important to gather data regarding: a. Negative behavior b. Replacement behavior c. Both A and B d. Neither A nor B - CORRECT ANSWER-7c: NEGATIVE BEHAVIOR AND REPLACEMENT BEHAVIOR 8. The use of fictitious names and locations in research reports is an example of what feature of ethics? a. Consent b. Assent c. Outcome protections d. Confidentiality - CORRECT ANSWER-8d: CONFIDENTIALITY 9. Plagiarism is not a concern in professional research. TRUE or FALSE - CORRECT ANSWER-9F: FALSE 10. Support and follow-up after an intervention is: a. Sometimes included as a phase of the research design b. Never needed c. Not recommended d. None of the above - CORRECT ANSWER-10a: SOMETIMES INCLUDED AS A PHASE OF THE RESEARCH DESIGN A major reason for using single case design is the concern that the ___ is lost in the _. - CORRECT ANSWER-A major reason for using single case design is the concern that the INDIVIDUAL is lost in the GROUP. We want to study the actual individual and see what happens to the individual with a specific intervention What is the difference between direct replication and systematic replication? - CORRECT ANSWER-Direct replication: implement the same independent variable again with similar participants and the same population. I.e. doing an intervention with third graders and then doing it again with a new set of third graders. Systematic replication: either a modified version of the independent variabl, or implement the independent variable in a new setting or with new participant. I.e., using fourth graders the second time around. Which of the following is an advantage of single case design: 1. Uniqueness of individuals can be understood in relation to outcomes 2. Repeated measures allows us to monitor performance 3. More flexible than group studies 4. Induction, the ability to use the data that we collect to create the theories that we will use to eXplain the data. 5. All of the options are correct - CORRECT ANSWER-ALL OF THE OPTIONS ARE CORRECT. 1. Uniqueness of individuals can be understood in relation to outcomes 2. Repeated measures allows us to monitor performance 3. More flexible than group studies 4. Induction, the ability to use the data that we collect to create the theories that we will use to eXplain the data. Evidence based approach using single case designs means that 5 internally valid studies that have been published in peer review journals by 3 different researchers in different locations with a total of 20 participants with 3-5 data points for each phase with the intervention outcome confirmed at 3 different points. The intervention and target variables also need to be independently observed. Often teams need to compare an evidenced-based intervention with the next best available treatment. - CORRECT ANSWER-Evidence based approach using single case designs means that 5 internally valid studies that have been published in peer review journals by 3 different researchers in different locations with a total of 20 participants with 3-5 data points for each phase with the intervention outcome confirmed at 3 different points. The intervention and target variables also need to be independently observed. Ofent teams need to compare an evidenced-based intervention with the next best available treatment. Generalization means the appropriate behavior that was measured by the dependent behavior needs to happen in a setting not directly targeted by the intervention. True or False - CORRECT ANSWER-True Single case designs may be used to examine functional or causal relationships. TRUE or FALSE - CORRECT ANSWER-TRUE One reason for reporting who the participants are carefully is that the differences in paying a graduate student to carry out a study and recommending the same procedures to parents in a home setting may be vastly different. TRUE or FALSE - CORRECT ANSWER-TRUE Interventions taken from research into the real world for actual supports may be challenging for teachers or parent. Support and follow-up after an intervention is implemented: CAN or IS NOT included as a component of the research or accountability design - CORRECT ANSWER-Can be included as a component of the research or accountability design Many children have more than one concerning behavior. During intervention for negative behaviors,one way to accomplish the goal of appropriate multiple measurement is data regarding a positive socially valid replacement behavior that serves the same function TRUE or FALSE - CORRECT ANSWER-true How will you check the reliability of the data your observers collect? - CORRECT ANSWER-INTER-OBSERVER AGREEMENT WHICH TYPE of inter observer agreement is appropriate for momentary time sampling? - CORRECT ANSWER-Total number of intervals agreed/(total numbers of intervals agreed + disagreed) *100 1. Maintaining intervention fidelity in research is also considered as checks for maintenance of the a) Independent variable b) Dependent variable - CORRECT ANSWER-1a: independent variable 2. Social validity can be judged using consumer ratings or a) Achievement tests b) Peer norms c) Response to Intervention - CORRECT ANSWER-2b: peer norms 3. Integrity, fidelity and adherence all have the same meaning in behavioral research. True OR False - CORRECT ANSWER-3T: true 4. Social validity should be monitored at what stages of intervention? a) Early phase b) Middle phase c) Maintenance phase d) all of the above e) b and c only - CORRECT ANSWER-4d: all of the above 5. What is appraised when questions such as the question of additional support resources needed or if the individual's right to "effect behavioral treatment" being met? a) Social validity b) Situational risk c) Generality d) Maintenance - CORRECT ANSWER-5b: situational risk 6. Which of the following is not part of measuring intervention integrity? a) Sample at least 25% of sessions b) Check list of key steps c) Focus on early implementation d) Making no changes based on early feedback - CORRECT ANSWER-6d: making no changes based on early feedback 7. What might be true of an intervention that is too difficult to carry out and does not fit the circumstances? a) It has generality. b) There is social validity. c) It is not "ready to go." d) There is no need for a situational risk appraisal. - CORRECT ANSWER-7c: it is not "ready to go" 8. Most interventions work well "off the shelf" in real life and need little support or refinement. TRUE or FALSE - CORRECT ANSWER-8FALSE 9. When fidelity is checked right away supportive feedback is gathered and the intervention fine tuned quickly this is called: a) Maintenance b) Performance-based feedback c) Generalization d) Social Validity - CORRECT ANSWER-9b: PERFORMANCE BASED FEEDBACK