CMY3701 EXAM
PACK 2023
,Question 1
The main strength of the differential association theory is that it showed that crime was not just a
product of ___ but that it could occur in all settings.
1. learned behaviour
2. poverty
3. criminal attitudes
4. delinquency
Answer: The correct answer is 2
Refer: CMY3701 Study Guide, pg. 102
Reasoning: “The main strength of the theory of differential association, according to Jones
(2001:147), is that it showed that crime was not just a product of poverty, but that it
could occur in all settings, ranging from slum areas to large business operations.”
Question 2
Discounting the existence of threatening impulses is called ___.
1) displacement.
2) denial.
3) determination.
4) sublimation.
Answer: The correct answer is 2
Refer: CMY3701 Study Guide, pg. 22
Reasoning: “DENIAL is simply discounting the existence of threatening impulses. For example, a
person with homosexual tendencies may vehemently deny ever feeling any physical
attraction to a person of the same sex (Cassel & Bernstein, 2007:82).”
Question 3
Becker (1963) is of the opinion that deviant behaviour is a social product created by:
1) Interactionism
2) Society
3) Labelling
4) Determinism
Answer: The correct answer is 2
Refer: CMY3701 Study Guide, pg. 124
Reasoning: “The primary focus of Becker's study was to explain how a person is labelled as an
outsider. Deviant behaviour, according to Becker, is a social product created by
society. Whether a juvenile is therefore labelled as deviant will depend on the
reaction of other people to the act, and not on the nature of the activity itself.”
Question 4
,Which researchers indicated that there is moderate evidence of both genetic and environmental
influence in antisocial behaviour?
1) Christiansen and Lange
2) West and Farrington
3) Rhee and Waldman
4) Hutchings and Medwick
Answer: The correct answer is 3
Refer: CMY3701 Study Guide, pg. 35
Reasoning: “Rhee and Waldman (Jones, 2001:351) conducted an analysis of twin and adoption
studies. They concluded that there is moderate evidence of both genetic and
environmental influences in antisocial behaviour.”
Question 5
The positivist school focuses on the nature and characteristics of ___.
1) the criminal event.
2) the individual offender
3) the criminal behaviour.
4) the situational factors.
Answer: The correct answer is 2
Refer: CMY3701 Study Guide, pg. 26
Reasoning: “The basic assumptions of positivism are highlighted by Bartollas (2006:78) and
White and Haines (2004:40-42):
• It is the character and personal backgrounds of individuals that explain
criminal behaviour. The focus of analysis is therefore on the nature and
characteristics of the offender, rather than on the criminal act… “
Question 6
What, according to Lilly et al (2007), is the danger in rational choice theory?
1) Factors influencing offenders’ decision to break the law is ignored.
2) Offenders will be treated as being solely rational decision-makers.
3) Criminal justice policies only focus on making crime a costly decision.
4) Offenders’ social context is not taken into consideration.
Answer: The correct answer is 2
Refer: CMY3701 Study Guide, pg. 18
Reasoning: “The danger in rational choice theory, however, is that offenders will be treated as
though they were only rational decisionmakers. When this occurs, the context that
influences their decision to break the law is ignored, and commentators begin to
recommend harsh criminal justice policies that focus solely on making crime a costly
decision. In other words, they ignore the offender's social context (Lilly et al,
2007:277).”
, Question 7
___ is associated with social learning and states that behaviour is shaped by the consequence that
follows the act.
1) Classical school
2) Psychological positivism
3) Operant conditioning
4) Sociological positivism
Answer: The correct answer is 3
Refer: CMY3701 Study Guide, pg. 23
Reasoning: “OPERANT CONDITIONING is associated with social learning theory which states
that behaviour is shaped by the consequences that follow the act (Anderson, Dyson,
Langsam & Brooks, 2007:156).”
Question 8
Neo-classicists assert that a person is still accountable for his or her actions but with minor
reservations. Which two specific factors will influence the offender to reform?
1) Free choice and feeble-mindedness.
2) Rationality and competence
3) Crime and punishment
4) Past history and present situation
Answer: The correct answer is 4
Refer: CMY3701 Study Guide, pg. 8
Reasoning: “According to neo-classicists, a person is still accountable for his or her actions, but
with certain minor reservations - it is acknowledged that the offender's past history
and present situation both influence the likelihood of reform (Joyce, 2006:4).”
Question 9
One of the biosocial theory’s core principles include that:
1) It only recognises genetics as the main contributing factor in human behaviour
2) All humans are born with equal potential to learn and achieve.
3) Individual behaviour patterns are produced by genetic traits and by the environment.
4) Biosocial theorists believe that biology leads to crime
Answer: The correct answer is 3
Refer: CMY3701 Study Guide, pg. 32
Reasoning: “Biosocial theory has several core principles, as indicated by Siegel (2004:141):
• It assumes that genetic makeup contributes significantly to human
behaviour. (option 1 therefore incorrect)
• It contends that not all humans are born with an equal potential to learn
and achieve. (option 2 is therefore incorrect)
• It argues that no two people are alike (with rare exceptions, such as
identical twins).
PACK 2023
,Question 1
The main strength of the differential association theory is that it showed that crime was not just a
product of ___ but that it could occur in all settings.
1. learned behaviour
2. poverty
3. criminal attitudes
4. delinquency
Answer: The correct answer is 2
Refer: CMY3701 Study Guide, pg. 102
Reasoning: “The main strength of the theory of differential association, according to Jones
(2001:147), is that it showed that crime was not just a product of poverty, but that it
could occur in all settings, ranging from slum areas to large business operations.”
Question 2
Discounting the existence of threatening impulses is called ___.
1) displacement.
2) denial.
3) determination.
4) sublimation.
Answer: The correct answer is 2
Refer: CMY3701 Study Guide, pg. 22
Reasoning: “DENIAL is simply discounting the existence of threatening impulses. For example, a
person with homosexual tendencies may vehemently deny ever feeling any physical
attraction to a person of the same sex (Cassel & Bernstein, 2007:82).”
Question 3
Becker (1963) is of the opinion that deviant behaviour is a social product created by:
1) Interactionism
2) Society
3) Labelling
4) Determinism
Answer: The correct answer is 2
Refer: CMY3701 Study Guide, pg. 124
Reasoning: “The primary focus of Becker's study was to explain how a person is labelled as an
outsider. Deviant behaviour, according to Becker, is a social product created by
society. Whether a juvenile is therefore labelled as deviant will depend on the
reaction of other people to the act, and not on the nature of the activity itself.”
Question 4
,Which researchers indicated that there is moderate evidence of both genetic and environmental
influence in antisocial behaviour?
1) Christiansen and Lange
2) West and Farrington
3) Rhee and Waldman
4) Hutchings and Medwick
Answer: The correct answer is 3
Refer: CMY3701 Study Guide, pg. 35
Reasoning: “Rhee and Waldman (Jones, 2001:351) conducted an analysis of twin and adoption
studies. They concluded that there is moderate evidence of both genetic and
environmental influences in antisocial behaviour.”
Question 5
The positivist school focuses on the nature and characteristics of ___.
1) the criminal event.
2) the individual offender
3) the criminal behaviour.
4) the situational factors.
Answer: The correct answer is 2
Refer: CMY3701 Study Guide, pg. 26
Reasoning: “The basic assumptions of positivism are highlighted by Bartollas (2006:78) and
White and Haines (2004:40-42):
• It is the character and personal backgrounds of individuals that explain
criminal behaviour. The focus of analysis is therefore on the nature and
characteristics of the offender, rather than on the criminal act… “
Question 6
What, according to Lilly et al (2007), is the danger in rational choice theory?
1) Factors influencing offenders’ decision to break the law is ignored.
2) Offenders will be treated as being solely rational decision-makers.
3) Criminal justice policies only focus on making crime a costly decision.
4) Offenders’ social context is not taken into consideration.
Answer: The correct answer is 2
Refer: CMY3701 Study Guide, pg. 18
Reasoning: “The danger in rational choice theory, however, is that offenders will be treated as
though they were only rational decisionmakers. When this occurs, the context that
influences their decision to break the law is ignored, and commentators begin to
recommend harsh criminal justice policies that focus solely on making crime a costly
decision. In other words, they ignore the offender's social context (Lilly et al,
2007:277).”
, Question 7
___ is associated with social learning and states that behaviour is shaped by the consequence that
follows the act.
1) Classical school
2) Psychological positivism
3) Operant conditioning
4) Sociological positivism
Answer: The correct answer is 3
Refer: CMY3701 Study Guide, pg. 23
Reasoning: “OPERANT CONDITIONING is associated with social learning theory which states
that behaviour is shaped by the consequences that follow the act (Anderson, Dyson,
Langsam & Brooks, 2007:156).”
Question 8
Neo-classicists assert that a person is still accountable for his or her actions but with minor
reservations. Which two specific factors will influence the offender to reform?
1) Free choice and feeble-mindedness.
2) Rationality and competence
3) Crime and punishment
4) Past history and present situation
Answer: The correct answer is 4
Refer: CMY3701 Study Guide, pg. 8
Reasoning: “According to neo-classicists, a person is still accountable for his or her actions, but
with certain minor reservations - it is acknowledged that the offender's past history
and present situation both influence the likelihood of reform (Joyce, 2006:4).”
Question 9
One of the biosocial theory’s core principles include that:
1) It only recognises genetics as the main contributing factor in human behaviour
2) All humans are born with equal potential to learn and achieve.
3) Individual behaviour patterns are produced by genetic traits and by the environment.
4) Biosocial theorists believe that biology leads to crime
Answer: The correct answer is 3
Refer: CMY3701 Study Guide, pg. 32
Reasoning: “Biosocial theory has several core principles, as indicated by Siegel (2004:141):
• It assumes that genetic makeup contributes significantly to human
behaviour. (option 1 therefore incorrect)
• It contends that not all humans are born with an equal potential to learn
and achieve. (option 2 is therefore incorrect)
• It argues that no two people are alike (with rare exceptions, such as
identical twins).
