PHLT 304 EXAM 4 QUESTIONS & ANSWERS CORRECT 100%

A number of NTDs are causes by ______________ and ________________. - Answer a number of NTDs are causes by worms and protozoas. NTDs: - Answer Neglected Tropical Diseases -substantial morbitiy and mortality NTDs are typically persist only in the _______________, more marginalizes ___________________. What are the 4 characteristics of the conflicted areas? - Answer NTs are typically persist only in the poorest, most marginalized communnities. Conflicted ares include -social stigma & disability lost income children kept out of school redu ed ability to care for family All low-income countries are affected by at least 3 NTDs? TRUE OF FALSE - Answer FALSE!!! all low income countires are affect by at least 5 NTDs. What is the CDC's targeted NTDs? (GLOSST) - Answer -guinea worm disease (dracunculiasis) -lymphatic filariasis -onchocerciasis (oncho or river blindness) -shistosomiasis (bilharzia, snail fever) -soil transmitted helminths -trachoma What are the names of the different worms? (8) - Answer -Lymphatic Filariasis (LF) -Onchocerciasis (River blindness) -Schistosomiasis (Schisto, Bilharzia, Snail Fever) -Guinea worm disease ("Dracunculiasis") -Whip worm- Soil-transmitted Helminths -(STHs) -Round Worms- Ascaris lumbricoides -Round Worms - Ascaris -Hookworm- Helminths Necator americanus Schistosomiasis (Schisto, Bilharzia, Snail Fever) -Caused by parasitic worms (genus ___________________) in ____________ water -Infection through __________ contact with the __________ - 700 million people in 74 countries are at risk (MOST ___________) -_____________ only to ________________ as the most common parasitic disease -Symptoms include: -Most deadly NTD; kills approx. 280,000 individuals/yr only in ___________ - Answer -Caused by parasitic worms (genus Schistosoma) in freshwater -Infection through skin contact with the water -700 million people in 74 countries are at risk (MOST DEADLY) -Second only to malaria as the most common parasitic disease -Symptoms include: blood in urine or stool Anemia problems with growth development in children Bladder cancer Kidney liver problems -Most deadly NTD; kills approx. 280,000 individuals/yr only in Africa How is Schistosomiasis (Schisto, Bilharzia, Snail Fever) transmitted? - Answer caused by parasitic worms in fresh waters infections through skin contact with the water (or drinking) -notes: is the most deadly Soil-transmitted Helminths (STHs) -Acquired through _____________ with ______ contaminated with infected _________________ -Previously common _______________ including in the US -High risk ____________ - Answer -Acquired through contact with soil contaminated with infected feces -Previously common globally including in the US -high risk globally Soil-transmitted Helminths (STHs) Infection can contribute to: - Answer -Anemia -Vitamin A deficiency -Malnutrition and impaired growth -Delayed development -Intestinal blockages What are the different types of Soil-Transmitted Helminths? - Answer -whip worm -round worm -hook worm What are the characteristics of the Soil-Transmitted Helminths? WHIP WORM (Trichuris trchiura) -illness causes? -produces? -can cause? - Answer WHIP WORM -Illness caused by ingestion of eggs -Produces colitis -Can cause dysentery (severe diarrhea) How are Soil-Transmitted Helminths transmitted? - Answer -through contact wih soil contaminiated with infected feces -caused by ingestion of eggs WHO reports consider the _________ Worms this "intolerable DALY loss" - Answer WHO reports consider the round Worms this "intolerable DALY loss" Helminths- necator americanus HOOKWORM -can penetrate the _________ of humans -____________ and localized rash -can cause _____________, _____________ pain, ______________, loss of ___________, weight loss, and anemia -severe infections can impact ___________ and _____________ growth - Answer -can penetrate the skin of humans -itching and localized rash -can cause fatigue, abdominal pain, diarrhea, loss of appetite, weight loss, and anemia -severe infections can impact cognative and physical growth Protozoans include: - Answer -Chagas Disease -Trypanosoma -Leishmaniasis -Malaria -Toxoplasmosis -Key waterborne protozoan (pathogens Cryptosporidium, Giardia lamblia, Naegleria fowleri) Protozoans -_____________, ________ cell-organism -can be _________-living or ______________ - Answer Protozoans -microscopic, one cell-organism -can be free-living or parasitic what are the four groups bases on the type of movements of protozoans? - Answer -amoebas -flagellates -cilliates -organisms whose adult stage is not motile Chagas' Disease (American Trypanosomiasis) -caused by the _____________ parasite _______________ __________. -infections often acquire through contact with the ____________ of infected ______________ bugs ( or "______________ bug") that often lives in poor ______________ conditions -can have ___________-to-__________ transmission -mostly infected in ____________ countries - Answer -caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi -infections often acquire through contact with the feces of infected triatomine bugs ( or "kissing bug") that often lives in poor housing conditions -can have mother-to-baby transmission -mostly infected in endemic countries Chagas' Disease (American Trypanosomiasis) -The ___________ phase of the Chagas disease: occurs _________________ and can last up to a few _____________ -may cause ______ or _______ around the site of inoculation; occasionally causes severe ________________ of the _____________ muscle or _________. -Next, prolonged _________________ phase with few/_____ _____________ in the _____________. - Answer -The acute phase of the Chagas disease: occurs immediately and can last up to a few months -may cause fever or swell around the site of inoculation; occasionally causes severe inflammation of the heart muscle or brain. -Next, prolonged asymptomatic phase with few/no parasites in the blood Chagas Disease -an estimates ___-___ % of infected individuals develop debilitating, potential___________- effects such as: ??? - Answer -an estimates 20-30% of infected individuals develop debilitating, potential severe effects such as: -Heart rhythm abnormalities that can be fatal -cardiac alterations -Dilated esophagus or colon, causing functional problems with eating/elimination The carter center is trying to eradicate what? - Answer Guinea Worm Malaria is NOT Negelected Tropical Disease? TRUE OR FALSE? - Answer TRUE! MALARIA -is a _______________-borne disease caused by _____ species of protozoan ___________ plasmodium -the most severe form is caused by what? -transmitted by the ____________ _____________ mosquitoes ( bite________ to ________) - Answer -is a mosquito-borne disease caused by 4 species of protozoan parasite plasmodium -the most severe form is caused by what? P. falciparum -transmitted by the female anopheles mosquitoes ( bite dust to dawn) what are the symptoms of malaria? - Answer -headache -fever -fatigue and pain -back pain -chills and sweating -dry coughing -spleen enlargement -nausea and vomiting Malaria notes from the video. - Answer -bites in hot and humid areas -used parasite baseD diagnostic test -WHO measures: bed nets should be used -vulnerable people: children under 5 and women -use antimalaria medications for traveling -is preventable and curable what are the 3 pillars for the WHO global technical strageties for Malaria? - Answer 1) Ensure universal access to malaria prevention, diagnosis and treatment 2) Accelerate efforts towards elimination and attainment of malaria-free status 3) Transform malaria surveillance into a core intervention ****What are the treatment for Malaria? - Answer -sleeping under bed nets -indoor residual spraying with insecticide -quick treatment for reapid and complete eliminations of plasmodium parasite from patient's blood -travelers: take antimalarial medicine what are the three key waterborne protozoans pathogens? - Answer -Cryptosporidium -Giardia lamblia -Naegleria fowleri Cryptosporidium (waterborne protozoan pathogens) - Answer -contaminated water -causes diarrhea -tolerant to chlorination -problem in USA Giardia lamblia (waterborne protozoan pathogens) - Answer -global problem -from contaminated food or water -tolerant to chlorine disinfection Naegleria fowleri (waterborne protozoan pathogens) - Answer -causes primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM) -a disease of the central nervous system -Rare; almost always fatal Gut microbiota is the "forgotten organ" that plays a crucial pole in only health? TRUE OF FALSE? - Answer FALSE! Gut microbiota is the "forgotten organ" that plays a crucial pole in HEALTH AND DISEASE What are the 4 characteristics of Beneficial Bacteria? - Answer 1: Metabolic role: -Salvages calories -Produces short chain fatty acids -Procures arginine and glutamine -Synthesizes vitamin K and folic acids -Participates in drug metabolism 2: Deconjugation of bile acid 3: prevention of colonization by pathogens 4: immunologic effects -Stimulates immunoglobulin A production -Promotes anti-inflammatory cytokines -Induces regulatory T cells Beneficial gut microbiome -at ________: the __________ intestinal tract is _________ -infant's gut is colonized by ____________ and _________________ bacteria during birth and through feeding and other contacts -by the age of ____________ age, the microbiota is ____________ to that of an ____________, with a variety of bacterial species -compositions of the ___________ are influenced by ______, ________, and _______________ conditions -antibiotics have the potential to _______________ impact the microbiota - Answer -at birth: the entire intestinal tract is sterile -infant's gut is colonized by maternal and environmental bacteria during birth and through feeding and other contacts -by the age of 2.5 age, the microbiota is similar to that of an adult, with a variety of bacterial species -compositions of the flora are influenced by age, diet, and socioeconomic conditions -antibiotics have the potential to profoundly impact the microbiota Microbiota help protect the host from colonizations by pathogenic species? TRUE OF FALSE? - Answer TRUE!!! What are the four ways of categorizing bacteria? - Answer -effects on humans -effect on oxygen -staining (gram staining) -shape Ways of categorizing bacteria: effect on humans - Answer -most don't cause disease in humans -beneficial bacteria: microbiome in the body can help prevent the growth of other more dangerous bacteria pathogens - Answer cause of disease Ways of categorizing bacteria: Effect of oxygen - Answer -Aerobic bacteria need oxygen -Anaerobic bacteria have trouble living/growing in the presence of oxygen -Facultative bacteria can live/grow with or without oxygen Ways of categorizing bacteria: staining (gram staining) - Answer -The differences in staining are due to differences in cell wall -Gram-positive & Gram-negative bacteria cause different types of infections and are treated with different types of antibiotics