Psychology Final Exam study guide 2023 with 100% correct answers.

Which choice is an accurate definition of a hypothesis? A tentative explanation Psychology refers to the ________. scientific study of mind and behavior Which individual wrote Principles of Physiological Psychology and is credited with establishing a scientific laboratory of Psychology at the University of Leipzig? Wilhelm Wundt Functionalist psychologists focus on the function of behavior and ________. the operation of the whole mind rather than the individual parts Which perspective within psychology that emphasizes the potential for good that is innate to all humans? Humanism The cognitive revolution created an impetus for psychologists to focus their attention on better understanding ________. The mind and mental processes that underlie behavior Which of the following is not part of feminist psychology? favoring women over men Who was the first African American to receive a PhD in psychology in the United States? Francis Cecil Sumner Penelope studies how the structure and function of the nervous system is related to behavior. She is a ________. biopsychologist Cognitive psychology focuses on studying ________. thoughts and their relationship to our experiences and our actions A(n) ________ is a well-developed set of ideas that proposes an explanation for observed phenomena. theory This organization, one of the largest professional groups of psychologists in the world, was founded in 1892 American Psychological Association Psychological knowledge is advanced through a process known as ________, which involves a prescribed series of steps designed to achieve the desired knowledge. the scientific method Krista and Tatiana Hogan are participants in a(n) ________ of conjoined twins who are joined at the head case study A group of preschool-age children are enrolled in a study that plans to follow them over time in order to assess behaviors and other characteristics that may predict later development of schizophrenia. This is an example of a(n) ________ design. longitudinal ________ is a reduction in the number of research participants as some drop out of the study over time. attrition A negative correlation means ________. one variable decreases as the other increases Research shows that people who smoke cigarettes are more likely to get lung cancer than those who do not smoke. This research alone demonstrates that ________. there is a relationship between smoking and lung cancer A(n) ________ variable is a factor that affects both variables of interest in research and may falsely give the impression of a cause-and-effect relationship. confounding In a ________ study, both the researchers and the participants are unaware of the group assignments. double-blind The theory of ________ states that organisms that are better suited for their environment will survive and reproduce, while those that are poorly suited for their environment will die of evolution by natural selection Human eggs and sperm each contain 23 ________, which are composed of long strands of ________. chromosomes; DNA Wendy's mother has blue eyes and her father has brown eyes. The allele for brown eye color is dominant (B) to the allele for blue eye color (b), but Wendy has blue eyes. Therefore, Wendy's ________ must be ________ and her father's must be Bb genotype: bb The space between two neurons is called the ________. synapse A(n) ________ is the electrical signal that typically moves from the neuron's cell body down the axon to the axon terminals. action potential A particular electrical signal being transmitted to a neuron is sufficient to generate an action potential. If the magnitude of the incoming electrical signal is doubled, the action potential will ________. undergo no changes in strength, speed, or duration Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are drugs commonly prescribed for ________. depression The two major divisions of the nervous system are the ________ and ________. central; peripheral nervous systems ________ is a state of equilibrium, in which biological conditions (such as body temperature) are maintained at optimal levels. homeostasis The ________ nervous system is responsible for responses such as pupil dilation, increased heart rate, and increased respiration. sympathetic ________ development involves growth and changes in the body and brain, the senses, motor skills, and health and wellness. physical ________ development involves learning, attention, memory, language, thinking, reasoning, and creativity. cognitive What does nature refer to in the nature vs. nurture debate? genes and biology What does nurture refer to in the nature vs. nurture debate? environment and culture Age-specific approximations of when a certain skill or ability should first occur in normal development are called developmental ________. milestones Which theorist is credited with proposing the psychosexual stages of development? Sigmund Freud According to ________, lifespan development encompasses eight stages and at each stage we encounter a psychosocial crisis that must be resolved. Erik Erikson One-year-old Ainsley learned the schema for trucks because his family has a truck. When Ainsley sees cars driving on television, she says, "Look mommy, truck!" This exemplifies ________. assimilation Jory, a six year old, is picking out a card for his mother's birthday. He picks the card with a picture of Lightning McQueen, reasoning that since he loves Cars his mother does to. What does this exemplify? egocentrism Grasping a toy, writing with a pencil, and using a spoon are all examples of ________ motor skills. fine What do psychologists call a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience? learning Which of the following is an example of instinct? a baby turning its head to suckle when its cheek is stroked Which of the following is an example of a reflex? the pupil of your eye contracting in the presence of bright light Classical and operant conditioning are forms of ________ learning. associative in Pavlov's classical conditioning, the term conditioned is approximately synonymous with the word ________. learned In classical conditioning, the association that is learned is between a ________. neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus Stanley was diagnosed with lymphoma and had to undergo several months of chemotherapy. During this time he would become very nauseated as a side effect, and unintentionally came to associate that nausea with his favorite grilled cheese sandwich. Now, years later, even thinking about a grilled cheese sandwich makes him sick. In this example, Stanley's nauseous reaction to a grilled cheese sandwich is the ________. conditioned response You begin to salivate when you smell your favorite cake in the oven, but not when you smell the gross scent of a dirty diaper. This is an example of ________. stimulus discrimination Molly attempts to condition her puppy to greet her when she enters the house. She repeatedly pairs her entry to the house with a treat for the puppy. The puppy eventually acquires this ability, and Molly realizes how irritating it is for the puppy to run up to her every time she enters the house. She attempts to make the puppy stop, and eventually the puppy no longer feels motivated to greet her when she enters the house. The puppy no longer greeting her when she enters the house is an example of ________. extinction Which option is the most valid criticism of Watson and Rayner's work with "little Albert"? It would be unethical by today's research standards. What is the set of processes used to encode, store, and retrieve information over different periods of time? memory What type of memories do we consciously try to remember, recall, and report? explicit memories What kind of memory involves storage of brief events, such as sights, sounds, and tastes? sensory When you take a multiple-choice test, you are relying on ________, because you are comparing the information in front of you to that which is already stored in your long-term recognition If I am looking at a snake and processing the fear caused by the snake, what part of my brain am I using? amygdala Dozens of people witness a purse snatching. One of the eyewitnesses loudly yells "the man with the blue shirt did it." Later, when questioned by police, several other eyewitnesses remember the purse snatcher wearing a blue shirt, even though the purse snatcher was a woman in flowered dress. This is an example of ________, or the effects of misinformation from external sources that leads to the creation of false memories. suggestibility The formulation of new memories is sometimes called ________, and the process of bringing up old memories is called ________. construction; reconstruction The famous case of H.M. demonstrated ________ amnesia, a condition in which a person can remember previously encoded memories but cannot encode new ones. anterograde Elena finds it very difficult to remember a long string of numbers, so she tries to memorize three numbers at a time. Later, she is able to repeat the numbers correctly because she grouped the numbers into more manageable groups of three. This is an example of ________. chunking From a cognitive psychology perspective, why is getting plenty of sleep the night before an exam important? It allows for consolidation of studied material in long-term memory. Kai cuts her foot while hiking. She forgot to pack bandages, but she has a tube of superglue and uses that to seal the wound. Kai's ability to invent a solution uses the ________ intelligence component of the triarchic theory of intelligence. creative