Chem 201 Final Exam Questions with 100% Correct Solutions (Verified)

linear - 2 stereoactive pairs trigonal planar - 3 stereoactive pairs tetrahedral - 4 stereoactive pairs trigonal bipyramidal - 5 stereoactive pairs octahedral - 6 stereoactive pairs dipole moment - determined by geometry and electronegativity # of stereoactive pairs - 1/2 (# valence e- on central atom + # e- donated by terminal atoms + adjustment for ions) 3 types of sigma bonds - 2 overlapping s, 2 overlapping p, overlapping s and p pi bonds - p orbitals side-by-side hybridization - the mixing of atomic orbitals in a central atom to generate a set of hybrid orbitals shape of hybrid orbitals - distorted p sp - 2 stereoactive pairs, linear sp2 - 3 stereoactive pairs, trigonal planar sp3 - 4 stereoactive pairs, tetrahedral sp3d - 5 stereoactive pairs, trigonal bipyramidal sp3d2 - 6 stereoactive pairs, octahedral molecular orbital - formed by combining atomic orbitals from more than one atom types of molecular orbitals - sigma, pi, bonding, antibonding, nonbonding bond order - 1/2 (# bonding electrons - #of antibonding electrons) constructive interference - bonding molecular orbital destructive interference - antibonding molecular orbital MOEL -->4 - sigma 1s, sigma*1s MOEL -->14 - sigma 1s, sigma*1s, sigma 2s, sigma*2s, pi 2p, sigma 2p, pi*2p, sigma*2p MOEL>14 - sigma 1s, sigma*1s, sigma 2s, sigma*2s, sigma 2p, pi 2p, pi*2p, sigma*2p Madgeburg Experiment - A hollow iron sphere was cut into hemispheres, placed together, the air was pumped out, and 12 horses on each side could not pull them apart. 1 atm - 760 torr = 760 mm Hg 1 mm Hg - 1 torr Barometer - air pressure pushes Hg into vacuum-tight tube; height = mm Hg Manometer - open-ended: Pgas>Pair--> (Pgas=Pair + diff) Pgas<Pair--> (Pgas=Pair - diff) Pgas=Pair--> diff=Pgas Standard Temperature and Pressure - 0 C, 273.15 K, 1.00 atm, 760 torr/mmHg Boyle's Law - The volume of a given mass at a constant temperature is inversely proportional to the pressure of the gas. (volume and pressure) Boyle's Law Equation - P1V1 = P2V2 Charles' Law - The volume of a given mass of a gas is directly proportional to its Kelvin temperature when the pressure is held constant. (volume and temperature) Charles' Law Equation - V1/T1 = V2/T2 Gay-Lussac's Law - The pressure of a given mass of gas is directly proportional to its Kelvin temperature when its volume is held constant. (pressure and temperature) Gay-Lussac's Law Equation - P1/T1 = P2/T2 Combined Gas Law - (P1V1)/T1 = (P2V2)/T2 Avogadro's Law - At constant temperature and pressure, the volume of a gas is directly proportional to the number of moles of the gas. (i.e. double the volume, double the moles)