CHEM 201 Exam 1 Questions with Answers (Verified)

how many bonds does carbon have? - 4!!!!!! What is the geometry of a carbon with four single bonds? - Tetrahedryl What are the angles of a carbon with single bonds? - 109.5 Which compounds are saturated? - Alkanes (single bonded carbons) are saturated. Which compounds are unsaturated? - Alkenes (double bonds) and alkynes (triple bonds) How do you name an alkane? - determine the longest continuous chain of carbons, box it. we call this the parent chain. then you name the branches. LIST THE BRANCHES IN ALPHABETICAL ORDER. What is a primary carbon? - carbon that is linked to one other carbon. secondary carbon? - linked to two other carbons tertiary carbon - linked to three other carbons Tert-butyl - linked through the tertiary carbon Sec-butyl - linked through the secondary carbon Physical Properties of Alkanes - colorless, odorless, reaction less. they are insoluble in water because they are nonpolar. naming alkenes and alkynes - give the double bond the lowest number what is the shape of alkanes? - there is free rotation around the carbon carbon single bonds. the angle is 109.5. tetrahedral what is the shape of alkenes? - there is no rotation around double bonds. the angles are 120. trigonal planar what is the requirement for a double bond to display cis and trans? - both carbons must be linked to two different groups. what is the shape of alkynes? - there is no movement around the triple bonds. the angle is 180. what types of bonds display cis and trans? - alkenes What are reactions of alkenes and alkynes classified as? - ADDITION reactions. You break the bond and add something Hydrogenation - Add hydrogen. ADD 2 H'S (H2) Hydrogenation of alkenes and alkynes create... - ALKANES Halogenation - Addition of a halogen. Ex 2 Cl's (cl2) Hydrohalogenation - Addition of HX, where X is a halogen. The H goes to the carbon with the most H;s. Markonikov's rule - The rich get richer. The hydrogen goes to the carbon with the more hydrogens. Hydration - Addition of HOH (H2O). The H goes to the carbon with the most H's and the OH goes to the other carbon. Are alkanes more/less dense than water? - They are less dense than water, they float in water. What are the boiling points for water? - The increases as the carbon chain length increases. The b.p. decreases with increase in degree of branching. What is the solubility of the alkanes? - Alkanes are insoluble in water because they are nonpolar while water is polar. Sec-Butyl* - Four carbons, attached from the secondary carbon. Tert-Butyl - four carbons, attached from the tertiary carbon Isobutyl - looks like isopropyl, but attached from the ch2, four carbon What is the chemical formula for alkanes? - CnH2n+2 Aromatic compounds - anything with a benzene ring What is a benzene ring - 6 carbons, 6 hydrogen, with three double bonds equally distributed amongst the six carbons. Carcinogenic - Benzene compounds are carcinogenic, meaning they cause cancer. How to name a benzene? - 1. if it has one substituent, you name the substituent followed by benzene. 2. if it has two substituents, you use prefixes. Ortho (1,2) Meta (1,3) and Para (1-4). Name alphabetically then benzene. 3. If it has three or more substituents, number so that the substituents have the lowest number. then list alphabetically followed by benzene.