College psychology final exam questions and answers 2023

Psychology Psychology is the scientific study of behavior and mental process School of Structuralism emphasized units of consciousness and identification of elements of thought using introspection School of Functionalism James; concerned with how mental processes help organisms adapt to their environment Sigmund Freud Austrian neurologist known for his work on the unconscious mind. Father of psychoanalysis. John B. Watson Behaviorism Humanist Perspective Believe that people are naturally good, and if left to their own devices, the will strive to become the best they can. Socialcultural perspective Focuses on differences among people living in various cultures as well as the ways people's culture influences their thoughts, feelings, and behavior Four goals of psychology Description, explanation, prediction, control Neuron A specialized cell in the nervous system that sends and receives information What is a neurotransmitter? a chemical that travels from one neuron to another Serotonin Involved in mood, sleep, and appetite Parts of the brain Frontal, Parital, Tempural, Occipital endocrine system pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, pancreas, thymus, gonads types of neurons sensory, motor, interneurons nervous system a network of cells that carries information to and from all parts of the body personality the unique way in which each individual thinks, acts, and feels throughout life I'd, Ego, Superego I'd- part of the personality. Ego- part Personality that develops out of the need to deal with reality mostly conscious rational and logical. Superego- part of the personality that acts as a moral center defense mechanisms ways of dealing with anxiety through unconsciously distorting one's perception of reality Freuds psychosexual stages Oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital Carl Jung neo-Freudian who created concept of "collective unconscious" Alfred Adler Neo-Freudian; introduced concept of "inferiority complex" and stressed the importance of birth order Erik Erikson famous for his 8-stage model of psychosocial development; neo-Freudian Big Five Personality Traits openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism Reliability The tendency of a test to produce the same scores again and again each time it is given to the same people Validity the degree to which a test actually measures what it's supposed to measure Motivation The process by which activities are started, directed, and continue so that physical or psychological needs or wants are met Definition of a drive A psychological tension and physical arousal arising when there is a need that motivates the organism to act in order to for fill the need and reduce the tension drive-reduction theory theory that views motivated behavior as directed toward the reduction of a physiological need psychoactive drugs drugs that alter thinking, perception, and memory withdrawal Physical symptoms that can include nausea pain tremors crankiness and high blood pressure resulting from a lack of an addictive drug in the body system memory An active system that receives information from senses Three processes of memory Encoding, storage, retrieval types of sensory memory iconic and echoic short term memory The memory system in which information is held for brief periods of time while being used Long term memory The system of memory into which all the information is placed to be kept more or less permanently flashbulb memory type of automatic encoding that occurs because an unexpected event has strong emotional associations consciousness persons awareness of everything that is going on around him or her at any given moment Retrieval of Memories Words, meaning, sounds that are encoded at the same time altered states of consciousness State in which there is a shift in the quality circadian rhythm Sleep wake, it controls when we go to sleep and wake up REM sleep rapid eye movement sleep, a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur Stages of sleep 1. When your asleep, but waken up you don't believe you were actually asleep 2. Non rem sleep 3. Delta wave sleep Sleep disorders Night mares- bad dreams, somnambulism/ sleep walking, night terrors- deep sleep, insomnia- can't sleep, sleep apnea- stops breathing, narcolepsy- falls into rem sleep without warning, rest legs- uncomfortable sensations, enuresis- person wets the bed Psychopathology Sickness or disorder of the mind psychological disorder Any pattern of behavior that causes people significant distress anxiety disorders disorders in which the main symptom is excessive or unrealistic anxiety and fearfulness mood disorders disorders in which mood is severely disturbed personality disorders Disorders in which a person adopts a persistent, rigid, and maladaptive pattern of behavior that interferes with normal social interactions Schizophrenia Severe disorder in which the person suffers from disordered thinking, bizarre behavior, hallucinations, and inability to distinguish between fantasy and reality Two kinds of therapy 1.In one therapy based in psychological techniques, people tell the therapist about their problems and the therapist listens. 2. In the second type uses medical interventions to bring the symptoms under control Types of psychotherapy Psychoanalysis, person-centered, cognitive therapy, behavior therapy Key to psychotherapy Therapeutic alliance Antipsychotic treatment areas It treats delusions, hallucinations and multiple personalities