Midwifery, 3rd Edition Questions With Verified Answers

in particular. Name four social determinants that can and do influence women's health. - Answer sex and gender, racism, life stages, access to resources and diversity. Provide three questions each on cardiac health and pulmonary health used in an antenatal booking assessment that would determine whether further referral is required. - Answer (1) Have you been told you have had rheumatic fever? Do you suffer from joint pain/and or chest pain? Do you take medication for your heart? (2) Does it hurt when you breathe? Do you get breathless easily? Do you have a persistent cough for which you see the Dr regularly? When and why would you perform a full 'hands-on' breast examination? - Answer The midwife should complete a full hands-on breast examination in early pregnancy following a comprehensive history, before physiological changes are pronounced, as early detection is vital. The hands-on examination can highlight any skin abnormalities, nipple changes /discharge, lumps or other abnormalities and the midwife can refer to other services early if need be. What are the effects of obesity on pregnancy and birth? - Answer Infertility, miscarriage, fetal anomaly, gestational diabetes, preeclampsia, sleep apnoea, increased incidence of IOL, slow progress in labour, instrumental delivery, LSCS shoulder dystocia, PPH, increased risk of infection postnatally, DVT, postnatal depression. How much exercise is safe in pregnancy? - Answer Regular moderate to vigorous prenatal exercise has been shown to provide maternal health benefits. How would you screen for perinatal depression in midwifery practice? Why would mental health screening be an important role for the midwife? - Answer Use of antenatal psychosocial assessment tool and other tools increases midwives' awareness of potential perinatal depression, and regular support and intervention as well as reassessment can ensure that women are supported through the emotional time that the postnatal period is. What are the estimated rates of family (intimate) violence in pregnant women in Australia and New Zealand? Why are they only 'estimated'? - Answer 42 % of women experienced violence during their pregnancy, with 20% assaulted for the first time during their pregnancy. These are estimated numbers as the stigma and fear around reporting family violence still prevent women from actively reporting. Give two benefits and two disadvantages of routine screening for family violence in pregnancy. - Answer Benefits—allows women to know that there is support and allows them access to it; raises general awareness in the community which has long term benefits for all sections of the community. Disadvantages—women who experience family violence may not attend antenatal appointments and therefore will miss out on screening; fear about reporting and what happens next prevents them from being honest. Name three adverse effects related to smoking cigarettes in pregnancy for (a) the mother and (b) the baby. - Answer a) Hypertension in pregnancy, antepartum haemorrhage, asthma. B) Low birth weight, SIDS, lung disease. What are some of the adverse effects of using heroin in pregnancy? - Answer Miscarriage, preterm labour, IUGR, stillbirth. What are the signs and symptoms of chlamydia infection in women? - Answer Vaginal discharge or abnormal bleeding, abdominal pain, fever due to PID or infection, infertility or ectopic pregnancy, dysuria. What are the main characteristics of a profession and why is it important for midwifery to be a profession? - Answer Midwives are a disciplined group of individuals who adhere to high ethical standards and uphold themselves to, and are accepted by, the public as possessing a unique body of knowledge and skills that are derived from specialised education, Outline the action of the combined oestrogen/progesterone contraceptive pill with reference to the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian (HPO) axis. - Answer Hormonal contraceptives contain levels of oestrogen and/or progesterone that cause feedback control on the HPO axis to prevent follicle development and ovulation. Some contraceptives use the cervical mucus-changing properties of progesterone (e.g. the minipill). List three physiological factors that promote successful fertilisation. - Answer (1) The oocyte secretes a chemical that attracts sperm (Sun et al., 2005). (2) Progesterone released after ovulation stimulates the acrosomal reaction (Shah et al., 2003). (3) Increased oestrogen levels at this time have many effects, such as: increasing the contractility of the fallopian tube, which assists sperm transport. Explain why teratogens tend to cause more severe developmental problems when exposure occurs in the first 8 weeks of pregnancy. - Answer The embryo is vulnerable to developmental disruption from a wide range of teratogens— environmental agents such as infections, hyperthermia, drugs and radiation exposure, and nicotine and narcotics exposure, leading to major congenital abnormalities.