Biology EOC Review| 212 Questions| With Complete Solutions

activation energy correct answer: energy needed to start a chemical reaction; lowered by enzymes active transport correct answer: movement of molecules across a membrane requiring energy to be expended by the cell adaptation correct answer: inherited characteristic that increases an organism's chance of survival allele correct answer: the different forms of a gene; could be dominant or recessive amino acid correct answer: basic building blocks of proteins analogous structures correct answer: structures that do not have a common evolutionary origin but are similar in form or function anaphase correct answer: the third phase of mitosis, during which the chromosome pairs separate and move toward opposite poles antibiotic correct answer: compound that blocks the growth and reproduction of bacteria antibody correct answer: a substance produced by the body that destroys or inactivates a pathogen that has entered the body antigen correct answer: substance (usually foreign) that stimulates the production of an antibody archaea correct answer: domain of unicellular prokaryotes that have cell walls that do not contain peptidoglycan ATP correct answer: a nucleotide that stores and transfers energy within cells autotroph correct answer: organism that can capture energy from sunlight or chemicals and use it to produce its own food; also called a producer bacteria correct answer: domain of unicellular prokaryotes that have cell walls containing peptidoglycans bacteriophage correct answer: virus that infects bacteria base deletion correct answer: mutation which results in the loss of nucleotide pairs in a gene; have a major effect on the resulting protein base insertion correct answer: mutation which results in the addition of nucleotide pairs in a gene; have a major effect on the resulting protein base-pair substitution correct answer: a type of point mutation where one nucleotide and its partner are replaced by another pair of nucleotides behavioral adaptation correct answer: an inherited behavior that helps an organism survive; like escaping from predators or find a mate binary fission correct answer: asexual reproduction in prokaryotes by which one cell divides into two identical cells fetus correct answer: an unborn or unhatched vertebrate in the later stages of development showing the main recognizable features of the mature animal fever correct answer: a rise in the temperature of the body fitness correct answer: the ability of an individual to survive and reproduce in its specific environment food chain correct answer: a series of steps in which organisms transfer energy by eating and being eaten food web correct answer: a diagram that shows the feeding relationships between organisms in an ecosystem fossil correct answer: the remains (or an impression) of a plant or animal that existed in a past geological age and that has been excavated from the soil gamete correct answer: egg or sperm sex cell that contains a single set of chromosomes (haploid), one from each homologous pair gene correct answer: sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and thus determines a trait binomial nomenclature correct answer: Classification system in which each species is assigned a two-part scientific name including the genus and species biodiversity correct answer: the variety of different species in a given area biogeochemical cycle correct answer: process in which elements, chemical compounds, and other forms of matter are passed from one organism to another and from one part of the biosphere to another; like the carbon and nitrogen cycle biomass correct answer: the total amount of living matter within a given trophic level capsid correct answer: the outer covering of protein surrounding the nucleic acid of a virus carbohydrate correct answer: organic compound used by cells to store and release energy; composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen carbon cycle correct answer: the organic circulation of carbon from the atmosphere into organisms and back again carnivore correct answer: a consumer that only eats other consumers catalyst correct answer: substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction; like an enzyme cell correct answer: basic unit of life cell cycle correct answer: the cycle of growth and reproduction of a cell, consisting of interphase (g1, s, g2) and mitosis (division of the nucleus-prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase) and cytokinesis (division of cytoplasm) cell division correct answer: the process by which a cell divides into two new daughter cells cell membrane correct answer: The lipid bilayer that forms the outer boundary of the cell cell wall correct answer: a rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane and provides support to the cell; made of carbohydrates cellular respiration correct answer: process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen centriole correct answer: organize the spindle fibers to separate chromosomes during animal cell mitosis centromere correct answer: area where the chromatids of a chromosome are attached chlorophyll correct answer: green pigment in plants that absorbs light energy used to carry out photosynthesis chloroplast correct answer: organelle found in cells of plants and some other organisms that captures the energy from sunlight and converts it into chemical energy chromatid correct answer: one of two identical "sister" parts of a duplicated chromosome gradualism correct answer: a model of evolution in which gradual change over a long period of time leads to biological diversity guard cell correct answer: Pairs of cells that surround stomata and control their opening and closing. habitat correct answer: the place where an organism lives haploid number correct answer: