PRAXIS II ESOL 5362 Study Guide with 100% correct answers

Constructivist teaching is based on the belief that learning occurs as learners are actively involved in a process of meaning and knowledge construction as opposed to passively receiving information. Learners are the makers of meaning and knowledge. Negative Transfer Which occurs when speakers and writers transfer items and structures that are not the same in both languages. In English, a verb that expresses a state of being (e.g., "I am") is used to indicate the age of a person, whereas in several other languages, a verb that indicates possession (e.g., "I have") is used. Code switching the practice of alternating between two or more languages or varieties of language in conversation. "Spanglish" Achievement test a test of developed skill or knowledge. The most common type is a standardized test developed to measure skills and knowledge learned in a given grade level, usually through planned instruction, such as training or classroom instruction. Summative assessment typically given to children after a specific point in instruction to measure their understanding of a subject. High stakes, a midterm exam. a final project. Diagnostic assessments (also known as pre-assessments) provide instructors with information about student's prior knowledge and misconceptions before beginning a learning activity Formative assessment including diagnostic testing, is a range of formal and informal assessment procedures conducted by teachers during the learning process in order to modify teaching and learning activities to improve student attainment. (thumbs up/down, show me) Performance Based Assessment Adaptable instruments and are often suitable measures of students' knowledge in content classes. Measures students' ability to apply the skills and knowledge learned from a unit or units of study. IATEFL International Association of Teachers of English as a Foreign Language is an organization in the field of English language learning and teaching. It is based in Britain and was founded in 1967. Linguisitic Approach a method which assumes that all children have a strong grasp of oral L1. Which is then an associative tool for words and spelling patterns. Language Experience In this approach, students orally relate their personal experiences to the teacher; the teacher transcribes these experiences, complete with errors, and then develops other reading and writing activities based on the transcription. This approach allows for the development of materials and activities based on student interests and appropriate to student comprehension levels since they are student generated—without particular attention being paid to form or error correction. Basal Reading Approach a technique used to teach children reading skills. ... Commonly called "reading books" or "readers," The readers are short stories, including individual books for learners, a teacher's edition, workbooks, assessments and activities for a specific reading level. Allophone any of the speech sounds that represent a single phoneme, such as the aspirated k in kit and the unaspirated k in skit. Palatalization When tongue is on palate and goes to front of mouth; a sound change that either results in a palatal or palatalized consonant or a front vowel, or is triggered by one of them. This involves change in the place or manner of articulation of consonants, or the fronting or raising of vowels. example: got you become gotche Phoneme any of the perceptually distinct units of sound in a specified language that distinguish one word from another, for example p, b, d, and t in the English words pad, pat, bad, and bat. Passive voice a grammatical construction (specifically, a "voice"). The noun or noun phrase that would be the object of an active sentence (such as Our troops defeated the enemy) but appears as the subject of a sentence or clause (e.g. The enemy was defeated by our troops). Diphthong a sound formed by the combination of two vowels in a single syllable, in which the sound begins as one vowel and moves toward another (as in coin, loud, and side ). Flapping Sound articulated by a quick touch of tongue against teeth or alveolar ridge. This may occur when /t/ or /d/ occurs between two vowels, as in butter, writing, wedding, loader. Pidginization is a linguistic process that occurs when people who do not speak the same language come into contact. Redundancy Reduction It has been suggested that a marked parameter in L1 might be reset to an unmarked value in L2. The simple idea behind this theory is that "when two languages come into contact within the same psycholinguistic environment, the speaker is forced to solve the duplication of rules and functions in two languages and simplify the cognitive overload" (p. 616). Semiotics the study of signs and symbols and their use or interpretation. Behaviorism the theory that human and animal behavior can be explained in terms of conditioning, without appeal to thoughts or feelings, and that psychological disorders are best treated by altering behavior patterns. (BF Skinner) Lau v. Nichols, 414 U.S. 563 (1974), Chinese students in San Fran were placed in mainstream classroom and were left to sink or swim since they were not proficient in English. The district said they were treating those students equal to other students. Became a United States Supreme Court case in which the Court unanimously decided that the lack of supplemental language instruction in public school for students with limited English proficiency violated the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Remedies were created to protect LEP students across US and was protected under federal law Equal Educational Opportunities Act of 1974 Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, KS State-sanctioned segregation of public schools was a violation of the 14th amendment and was therefore unconstitutional. Plyler v. Doe a landmark decision holding that states cannot constitutionally deny students a FREE public education on account of their immigration status (legal or illegal). 1982 Supreme Court struck down a state statute denying funding for education to illegal immigrant children and at same time struck down a municipal school district attempt to charge illegal immigrant children an annual $1,000 tuition fee for lost state funding. Castañeda standard mandates that programs for language-minority students must be (1) based on a sound educational theory, (2) implemented effectively with sufficient resources and personnel, and (3) evaluated to determine whether they are effective in helping students overcome language barriers (Del Valle, 2003) Subtractive bilingualism in which the second language is added at the expense of the first language Semantic maps (or graphic organizers) are webs of words. The purpose of creating this is to visually display the meaning-based connections between a word or phrase and a set of related words or concepts. Sheltered instruction An approach to teaching English language learners which integrates language and content instruction. Sociolinguistics is the descriptive study of the effect of any and all aspects of society, including cultural norms, expectations, and context, on the way language is used, and the effects of language use on society. Socio-pragmatic Competence - Ability to recognize the effect of context on strings of linguistic events and to use language appropriately in specific social situations. (In romance languages it is a typically difficult for language learners is to master the pronouns of address) Affective Filter the term Stephen Krashen has used to refer to the complex of negative emotional and motivational factors that may interfere with the reception and processing of comprehensible input. Such factors include: anxiety, self-consciousness, boredom, annoyance, alienation, and so forth. notional-functional approach (Wilkins) in ESL is a way of structuring a syllabus around real-life situations in which people communicate, which are further broken down into specific aims of communication; Provides learners with the concepts they would use in their daily lives (good for adult learners) direct method of teaching which is sometimes called the natural method, and is often (but not exclusively) used in teaching foreign languages, refrains from using the learners' native language and uses only the target language. Whole Language Approach This approach or philosophy uses a variety of methods to promote and augment true reading comprehension. Audio-lingualism is a method of foreign language teaching where the emphasis is on learning grammatical and phonological structure, especially for speaking and listening. It is based on behaviorism and so relies on formation as a basis for learning, through a great deal of mechanical repetition. The repetition and memorization of dialogues is a common practice The SIlent Way (Gattegno) Theory of Learning: Learning is facilitated if the learner discovers or problem solves. Students work co-operatively and independently from teacher. Theory of Language: Very structural- language is taught in 'building blocks'..but syllabus is determined by what learners need to communicate. Teaching Method: Teacher should be as silent as possible, modeling items just once. Language is learnt inductively, L1 is allowed Total Physical Response (TPR) (James Asher) Theory of Learning:Learners will learn better if stress to produce language is reduced. Learners, like children, learn from responding to verbal stimulus Theory of Language: Also structural. Mainly uses imperative ''everyday conversations are highly abstract and disconnected; therefore to understand them requires a rather advanced internalisation of the target language.' Teaching Method: Teachers role not so much to teach as provide opportunities for learning. But very teacher directed- even when learners interact with each other, usually the teacher who directs.