UT TYLER FNP NURS 5350 Adv Patho Exam 1 With Verified Answers Latest Update 2023/2024

Seven specialized cellular functions: - ANSWER movement, conductivity, metabolic absorption, secretion, excretion, respiration, and reproduction Nucleus - ANSWER aids in cell division and control of genetic info, contains DNA (think the egg yolk) Ribosomes - ANSWER RNA-protein complexes; float freely in cytoplasm; provide sites for cellular protein synthesis; packages and modifies protein for transportation and secretion Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) - ANSWER specializes in the synthesis and transport of the protein and lipid components of most of the cells organelles (memory factory) Golgi complex - ANSWER Organelle that packages and distributes proteins into vesicles and transports within and outside of cell (refining plant in cytoplasm; traffic cop- what goes in and out of cytoplasm) Lysosomes - ANSWER An organelle containing digestive enzymes; digest and remove wastes, digest debris from dead cells; if ruptured, they can digest cell contents; autodigestion occurs in starvation Mitochondria - ANSWER Powerhouse of the cell, organelle that is the site of ATP (energy) production; pathway for metabolism of carbs, lipids, and amino acids into ATP; to keep the cell alive; can grow and self-replicate in the cell Cytoskeleton - ANSWER A network of fibers that holds the cell together, helps the cell to keep its shape, and aids in movement; "bones and muscle" of the cell; have cilia to move it on out Characteristics of plasma membrane - ANSWER made up of lipids and proteins; the basic component is a bi-layer of lipid molecules that are responsible for the structural integrity of the membrane The _______________ prevents water soluble molecules from entering cells across the plasma membrane - ANSWER Phospholipid layer Prokaryote - ANSWER unicellular organism lacking a nucleus; contains NO organelles (include cyanobacteria, bacteria, and rickettsia) Eukaryote - ANSWER organism whose cells contain a nucleus; "good nucleus;" larger w/ intracellular anatomy cellular receptors - ANSWER protein molecules on the plasma membrane, in the cytoplasm, or in the nucleus that can recognize and bind with specific smaller molecules called ligands 3 types of cellular receptors - ANSWER plasma membrane receptors, channel-linked receptors, non-channel-linked receptors passive transport - ANSWER The movement of materials through a cell membrane WITHOUT using energy; no-energy transport of uncharged molecules through any semi-permeable barrier (occurs down a concentration gradient) Diffusion - ANSWER Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. concentration gradient - ANSWER A difference in the concentration of a substance across a distance. hydrostatic pressure - ANSWER the mechanical force of water PUSHING against cellular membranes Osmosis - ANSWER Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane; from a region of higher water concentration to a region of lower water concentration; directly r/t hydrostatic pressure and solute concentration; PULL active transport - ANSWER the movement of materials through a cell membrane using energy mediated transport - ANSWER simultaneous movement of a single solute molecule in one direction (uniport); of two different solute molecules in one direction (symport); of two different solute molecules in opposite directions (antiport) passive mediated transport - ANSWER "facilitated diffusion;" moving molecules through membranes WITHOUT expending energy; moving DOWN a concentration gradient active mediated transport - ANSWER "active transport;" Requires the expenditure of metabolic energy (ATP); moving UP or AGAINST a concentration gradient; the major cellular energy currency