Intro to Educational Psychology CLEP 100% Pass

Intro to Educational Psychology CLEP 100% Pass Token Economy A form of behavior modification using operant conditioning principles. Every time the patient displays the desired behavior, he is awarded a token (such as a star or a coin) that can be traded for a physical possession or special privilege. Pedagogy The art of teaching. It encompasses different styles and methods of instructing. Instructional Theory A theory which focuses on how to structure material to best teach students, especially young ones. This approach can be divided into two general approaches: cognitive and behavioral. Critical pedagogy A teaching style which seeks to instruct students in how to recognize and rise up against oppression. This area of teaching is influenced by the works of Karl Marx. Law of Effect A principle proposed by Edward Thorndike stating behaviors with positive outcomes will be repeated while those with negative outcomes will be avoided. Direct instruction A type of instruction which involves the teacher systematically leading the students step by step to a particular learning goals. This type of teaching is best for learning math or other complex skills, but not for less structured tasks such as English composition. Academic Learning Time The amount of time the student spends focused on his studies when he is successful at learning the material. Scheduled Time The total length of the class. Allocated Time The amount of class time devoted to teaching. Engaged Time The amount of Allocated Time each individual student spends focused on the class. Active teaching A method of pedagogy where the teacher actively looks for ways to improve the students' knowledge of a subject. Ways of doing this include actively presenting concepts, checking to see if the students understand, and reteaching any trouble areas for the students. Generative learning A type of learning where the teacher encourages the students to find their own meaning in learning. The teacher will show relationships between the new subject matter and past learning and will encourage the students to have confidence in their own ability to make these connections. Two-sigma problem According to researcher Benjamin Bloom, students with individual tutors generally perform two standard deviations (two "sigmas") above those in average classrooms. Norm-Referenced Testing A testing procedure that measures an individual student's score relative to those of a representative group of students. These tests are used to rank students based on their skill levels compared to their peers. Criterion-Referenced Testing A testing procedure that measures a student's mastery of a particular skill or understanding of a certain concept. The