Foundations of Microbiology Chapter 12 Learn Smart 100% SOLUTION 2023//2024

Foundations of Microbiology Chapter 12 Learn Smart 100% SOLUTION 2023//2024 A _____ spectrum antibiotic is active against a wide range of different bacteria - ANSWER broad ______ is a normal human glycoprotein produced in response to immune stimuli and can be used therapeutically to fight viruses and cancer. Reverse transcriptase, complements, interferon, insulin, porin - ANSWER interferon Which of the following are enzymes secreted by certain bacteria that cleaves the betalactam ring of penicillin and thus provides for resistance against the antibiotic? Lipase; DNA polymerase, alpha helicase, beta lactamase, penicillinase - ANSWER beta lactamase, penicillinase Beta-lactamase and _____ are enzymes that hydrolyzes penicillin and are found in penicillin-resistant strains of bacteria. - ANSWER penicillinase Methicillin, dicloxacillin, and oxacillin are useful in treating infections caused by _____- producing bacteria. - ANSWER penicillinase _____is when one microorganism inhibits the growth of other microorganisms living in the same habitat. - ANSWER Antagonism Competitive inhibition is when a particular enzyme is blocked from action after it interacts with a substance that mimics the normal _____for the enzyme. - ANSWER substrate ______inhibition of an enzyme occurs when the enzyme is blocked from action after a substance that mimics the normal substrate binds to the active site. Noncompetitive; Feedback, Oxidative, Competitive - ANSWER Competitive Which name is used to describe common and mostly harmless microbes found on the skin and within the GI tract? E. coli; pathogens, normal flora, nosocomial - ANSWER normal flora ______ drugs are completely synthesized in the laboratory by chemical reactions. - ANSWER Synthetic A drug that is isolated from natural sources and then modified in the laboratory is called a _______ drug. - ANSWER semisynthetic Synthetic drugs are made entirely in the laboratory using ______ reactions. - ANSWER chemical Advantages of semisynthetic penicillins over natural penicillins include: increased spectrum; increases susceptibility to penicillinases; decreased allergic reactions; increased movement across gram-negative cell walls. - ANSWER increased spectrum increased movement across gram-negative cell walls An all-inclusive term for any drug used to fight an infection, regardless of its origin or type is ______ - ANSWER antimicrobial Which of the following are the three factors that should be known before selecting an antimicrobial drug? The sensitivity of the infecting agent; the nature of the infecting agent; the overall health of the patient; the patient's prior history of exposure to the infecting agent; the prevalence of the infecting agent in other patients - ANSWER The sensitivity of the infecting agent; the nature of the infecting agent; the overall health of the patient; The use of a drug to prevent imminent infection of a person at risk is called prophylaxis; chemotherapy; antibiotic; antagonism - ANSWER prophylaxis _____ is where microbes begin to tolerate an antimicrobial agent at a level which would normally be inhibitory. - ANSWER Drug resistance The tolerance of an antimicrobial agent at a level which would normally be inhibitory is called drug resistance; synergism; molecular rebound; competitive exclusion - ANSWER drug resistance Drug resistance resulting from organisms that survive exposure to a particular drug is due to _____ selection - ANSWER natural Which term describes the process of some microbes dying while other live in the presence of antimicrobial agents? Microbial antagonism, natural selection, survival of the fittest, evolution - ANSWER natural selection Survival of the fittest is slang term for _____ - ANSWER natural selection The therapeutic index is the ration of the _____ dose to the _____ dose that is used to assess the safety and reliability of the drug. - ANSWER toxic; effective