ANCC Cardiac-Nursing Certification Exam: Pathophysiologic Processes

Pathophysiologic Stimuli Hypoxia Ischemia Examples of Physical Agents Examples of Chemical Agents Examples of Nutritional Imbalances Cellular response to pathophysiologic stimuli Cytoplasm Organelles Mitochondria Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) 1. Hypoxia 2. Ischemia 3. Physical agents 4. Chemical agents 5. Microorganisms and their toxins 6. Genetic defects 7. Nutritional imbalances 8. Cellular and chemical components of immune and inflammatory responses Lack of sufficient oxygen to maintain aer- obic metabolism. Most common cause of cellular injury Lack of sufficient blood supply to tissues. Most common cause of cellular hypoxia. Injures tissues faster than hypoxia does because insufficient nutrients are sup- plied to the tissues and lactic acid builds up. Mechanical trauma, pressure or temper- ature gradients, and irradiation Drugs and posions, such as alcohol Protein, vitamin or mineral deficiency Occurs along a continuum from adap￾tation through injury to death. Celluar structure and function is disturbed or de- stroyed. The internal compartment of the cell, contains organelles and cytosol Or little organs, are membranes-bound compartments within the cell that have specialized functions Generate cellular energy through aero- bic metabolism Provides a large surface within the cell on which chemical reactions can occur ANCC Cardiac-Nursing Certification Exam: Pathophysiologic Processes 2 / 39 Ribosomes Golgi Apparatus Lysosomes Perioxisomes Nucleus Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) Cytsosol Plasma membrane Characteristics of the plasma membrane Proteins Lipid bilayer Cell junctions Synthesize protein Processes and packages chemical for transport to more distant cells. Also pro- duces polysaccharides, modifies some activating enzyes and produce lyso- somes.Contain digestive enzymes Contain oxidative enzymes. Play a major role in lipid metabolism Contains large quantities of deoxyri- bonucleic acid Forms the genes that regulate and differ- entiate cell function The fluid medium in which the organelles are suspended Surrounds the entire cell and separates intracellular and extracellular fluid com- partments. 1. Consists of a double layer of lipid mol- ecules 2. Proteins that exchange material between the cell and its environment 3. Damage to or altered function of the plasma membrane is common, early re- sponse to pathophysiologic stimuli Anchored on or in the lipid bilayer, trasnport and exchange material between the cell and its environment Double layer of lipid molecules Specialized regions on the plasma mem- brane that link individual cells into tissues and allow small molecules to pass from cell to cell.