History notes
Table of contents
The move to global war
Japanese expansion in East Asia (1931–1941)
Origins of Japanese expansion 3-4
Japanese expansion 5-9
International response to Japanese expansion 9-10
German and Italian expansion (1933–1940)
Timeline 10-13
Historiography 13-14
Authoritarian states (20th century)
USSR - Stalin
Origins and rise (1924-1929) 14-16
Ideology and the nature of state 16-17
Establishment and consolidation of Stalin’s rule 17-21
Domestic policies and their impact 21-27
Foreign policy 27-30
Historiography 30-33
Germany - Hitler
Origins and rise (1918-1933) 33-37
Ideology and the nature of the state 37-38
Establishment and consolidation of Nazi rule 38-42
Domestic policies and their impact 42-50
Historiography 50-52
China - Mao
Origins and rise (1894-1949) 52-56
Ideology and the nature of the state 56-57
Establishment and consolidation of Mao’s rule 57-61
Domestic policies and their impact 61-65
Foreign policy 65-67
History notes 1
, Historiography 67-70
The Cold War: Superpower tensions and rivalries (20th century)
Emergence of Cold War 70-73
Cold War and Asia 74-81
Development of Cold War 81-87
Technology race 87
International scene 88-91
End of Cold War 92-96
Historiography 96-101
HL option 4: History of Europe
Italy (1815–1871) and Germany (1815–1890)
Italy
Italy before 1815 101
Rebellions 101-104
Risorgimento 104-106
Italy after 1861 106-108
Historiography 108-110
Germany
Germany before 1815 110-111
Germany before Bismarck 111-114
Unification - Bismarck 114-117
Germany under Bismarck 117-120
Historiography 121-123
Imperial Russia, revolution and the establishment of the Soviet Union (1855–
1924)
Alexander II (1855-1881) 123-129
Policies of Alexander III (1881-94) and Nicholas II (1895-1917) 129-136
The 1905 Russian Revolution: Causes and Aftermath 136-143
The February and October 1917 Russian Revolutions 143-148
Lenin’s Russia (1917-24) 148-155
Historiography 155-158
History notes 2
, — THE MOVE TO GLOBAL WAR —
JAPANESE EXPANSION IN EAST ASIA (1931-1941)
Origins of Japanese expansion
Factors contributing to militarism
Determination to transform Japan into a Western-style power
Japan’s belief in its destiny as the leader of Asia
The need to obtain raw materials and to secure markets in East Asia
The need for strategic security
The actions of the Western powers
Growing popular support for militarism and expansionism within Japan
Events
Japan was isolated until the 2nd half of the 19th century
China was humiliated in Opium Wars (1840-42) → Japan was intimidated by West
1853: American ships arrived to Japan
1854: Treaty of Kanagawa
Political power returned to the emperor
Government modernized most sectors of Japan
Dismantled the feudal system
Limited form of democracy
Strengthened the military
1894-95: Sino-Japanese War
Fought over influence in Korea
Victory → established Japan as the world power
1904-05: Russo-Japanese War
Fought over Manchuria and Korea
Manchuria’s importance to Japan
Closest part of China to Japan
Rich in resources
Big → lots of space for growing Japanese population
A buffer against Russia
Victory
Gave control over Korea, much of South Manchuria, other territories
Earned respect of the West and other Asian countries
History notes 3
, 1914-18: WW1
Japan seized German military bases in Shandong
Occupied Germany’s South Pacific possessions
Supplied goods to the allies → used the war economically
1915: ‘Twenty-One Demands’
Japan issued to China
Required China to agree to Japanese remaining in Shandong and grant extra privileges in Manchuria
1919: Treaty of Versailles
Got the mandate to control former German Pacific islands and German economic privileges in
Shandong
Solidified Japan as an economic power in Asia
Became the main naval power in the Western Pacific
1921-22: The Washington Treaty System → Japan’s policy changed to internationalism
Four-Power Treaty
Japan, UK, USA, France
The four powers would confer if anything happened in the Pacific
Five-Power Naval Treaty
Japan, UK, USA, France, Italy
Limited the tonnage of the navies of these five powers
Nine-Power Treaty
Japan, UK, USA, France, Italy, Netherlands, Belgium, Portugal, China
The countries were to respect China’s interdependence and abide by ‘open door’ principles
1920s
Further reforms - democratization
By 1925: all men of age could vote
The PM was selected from of the two ruling parties of the Diet
Problems
Fragile democracy - corruption, distrust, fear of left-wing radicalism, political oppression
Opposition to internationalism and growing military influence on foreign policy
A growing economic crisis - the Great Depression, post-war stagnation, government favoring big
businesses
1926: new emperor
Return to militarism and nationalism
History notes 4
Table of contents
The move to global war
Japanese expansion in East Asia (1931–1941)
Origins of Japanese expansion 3-4
Japanese expansion 5-9
International response to Japanese expansion 9-10
German and Italian expansion (1933–1940)
Timeline 10-13
Historiography 13-14
Authoritarian states (20th century)
USSR - Stalin
Origins and rise (1924-1929) 14-16
Ideology and the nature of state 16-17
Establishment and consolidation of Stalin’s rule 17-21
Domestic policies and their impact 21-27
Foreign policy 27-30
Historiography 30-33
Germany - Hitler
Origins and rise (1918-1933) 33-37
Ideology and the nature of the state 37-38
Establishment and consolidation of Nazi rule 38-42
Domestic policies and their impact 42-50
Historiography 50-52
China - Mao
Origins and rise (1894-1949) 52-56
Ideology and the nature of the state 56-57
Establishment and consolidation of Mao’s rule 57-61
Domestic policies and their impact 61-65
Foreign policy 65-67
History notes 1
, Historiography 67-70
The Cold War: Superpower tensions and rivalries (20th century)
Emergence of Cold War 70-73
Cold War and Asia 74-81
Development of Cold War 81-87
Technology race 87
International scene 88-91
End of Cold War 92-96
Historiography 96-101
HL option 4: History of Europe
Italy (1815–1871) and Germany (1815–1890)
Italy
Italy before 1815 101
Rebellions 101-104
Risorgimento 104-106
Italy after 1861 106-108
Historiography 108-110
Germany
Germany before 1815 110-111
Germany before Bismarck 111-114
Unification - Bismarck 114-117
Germany under Bismarck 117-120
Historiography 121-123
Imperial Russia, revolution and the establishment of the Soviet Union (1855–
1924)
Alexander II (1855-1881) 123-129
Policies of Alexander III (1881-94) and Nicholas II (1895-1917) 129-136
The 1905 Russian Revolution: Causes and Aftermath 136-143
The February and October 1917 Russian Revolutions 143-148
Lenin’s Russia (1917-24) 148-155
Historiography 155-158
History notes 2
, — THE MOVE TO GLOBAL WAR —
JAPANESE EXPANSION IN EAST ASIA (1931-1941)
Origins of Japanese expansion
Factors contributing to militarism
Determination to transform Japan into a Western-style power
Japan’s belief in its destiny as the leader of Asia
The need to obtain raw materials and to secure markets in East Asia
The need for strategic security
The actions of the Western powers
Growing popular support for militarism and expansionism within Japan
Events
Japan was isolated until the 2nd half of the 19th century
China was humiliated in Opium Wars (1840-42) → Japan was intimidated by West
1853: American ships arrived to Japan
1854: Treaty of Kanagawa
Political power returned to the emperor
Government modernized most sectors of Japan
Dismantled the feudal system
Limited form of democracy
Strengthened the military
1894-95: Sino-Japanese War
Fought over influence in Korea
Victory → established Japan as the world power
1904-05: Russo-Japanese War
Fought over Manchuria and Korea
Manchuria’s importance to Japan
Closest part of China to Japan
Rich in resources
Big → lots of space for growing Japanese population
A buffer against Russia
Victory
Gave control over Korea, much of South Manchuria, other territories
Earned respect of the West and other Asian countries
History notes 3
, 1914-18: WW1
Japan seized German military bases in Shandong
Occupied Germany’s South Pacific possessions
Supplied goods to the allies → used the war economically
1915: ‘Twenty-One Demands’
Japan issued to China
Required China to agree to Japanese remaining in Shandong and grant extra privileges in Manchuria
1919: Treaty of Versailles
Got the mandate to control former German Pacific islands and German economic privileges in
Shandong
Solidified Japan as an economic power in Asia
Became the main naval power in the Western Pacific
1921-22: The Washington Treaty System → Japan’s policy changed to internationalism
Four-Power Treaty
Japan, UK, USA, France
The four powers would confer if anything happened in the Pacific
Five-Power Naval Treaty
Japan, UK, USA, France, Italy
Limited the tonnage of the navies of these five powers
Nine-Power Treaty
Japan, UK, USA, France, Italy, Netherlands, Belgium, Portugal, China
The countries were to respect China’s interdependence and abide by ‘open door’ principles
1920s
Further reforms - democratization
By 1925: all men of age could vote
The PM was selected from of the two ruling parties of the Diet
Problems
Fragile democracy - corruption, distrust, fear of left-wing radicalism, political oppression
Opposition to internationalism and growing military influence on foreign policy
A growing economic crisis - the Great Depression, post-war stagnation, government favoring big
businesses
1926: new emperor
Return to militarism and nationalism
History notes 4
