Victimology Final Exam With all solutions correct!!2023

Deaths from child abuse and neglect - VICTIMOLOGY FINAL EXAM -overall death rate: 2.20 deaths per 100,000 children -offender: 80% killed by one or both parents -type of maltreatment: ~70% of deaths due to neglect, ~44% due to physical abuse -age: ~70% of children that died were younger than 3 -gender fatality rate: 2.54 boys per 100,000 boys, 1.94 girls per 100,000 girls Types of offenders of infanticide - VICTIMOLOGY FINAL EXAM -31% killed by fathers -30% killed by mothers -23% killed by male acquaintances -7% killed by other relatives -3% killed by strangers Theories of child maltreatment - VICTIMOLOGY FINAL EXAM -intraindividual theories -theories of psychopathology -sociocultural explanations -social learning approach Intraindividual theories - VICTIMOLOGY FINAL EXAM view child maltreatment as the product of some internal defect or flaw inside the abuser -theories of psychopathology falls under this (mental imbalances in offender) Sociocultural explanations - VICTIMOLOGY FINAL EXAM -look at events that are external to the abuser, particularly sources of stress such as unemployment, family size, child spacing, and social isolation -lack of coping strategies Social learning approach - VICTIMOLOGY FINAL EXAM -individuals learn violent behavior. -behaviors that are rewarded or unpunished, will be more likely to occur Safe haven laws - VICTIMOLOGY FINAL EXAM -allows a parent or guardian to abandon an infant without fear of criminal charges -most states allow infants (up to 72 hours old, 2 moth, or other age, depends on state) to be dropped off at hospitals, health care facilities, law enforcement agencies, emergency service providers, and fire stations. -attempt to reduce infant abandonment and infanticide SEXUAL VICTIMIZATION - VICTIMOLOGY FINAL EXAM common law definition of rape up until the 70's - VICTIMOLOGY FINAL EXAM -"carnal knowledge by a male of a female, who is not his wife, forcibly and against her will" -criticisms: only includes incidents involving male offender/female victim, the only act included in penial penetration, doesn’t include marital rape. Rape reform following Michigan - VICTIMOLOGY FINAL EXAM -many states followed Michigan’s lead and had the new goal to shift the focus away from the victim and toward the behavior of the defendant -this goal is refelceted in 4 themes of rape reform legislation 1st general theme of rape reform legislation - VICTIMOLOGY FINAL EXAM -the redefinition of rape -most states now include acts other than the "traditional" rape -most replaced the term rape with the general term sexual assault. -most laws now recognize that males can be victims too 2nd theme of rape reform legislation - VICTIMOLOGY FINAL EXAM -The elimination or modification of the resistance requirement -many states previously required proof that victim resisted b/c it was easiest way to prove nonconsent -criticisms of resistance requirement: this requirement is unique to rape, aka not required for other offenses. It made prosecution nearly impossible. It basically obligated victims to risk additional harm. 3rd theme of rape reform - VICTIMOLOGY FINAL EXAM -Elimination of the corroboration requirement -this requirement prohibited conviction for rape without other evidence to corroborate the testimony of the victim -evidence to corroborate included obvious physical injuries, medical and forensic evidence, and testimony of eyewitness or 3rd party. -criticisms or requirement: also unique to rape. Also made cases virtually impossible to prosecute. 4th theme of rape reform - VICTIMOLOGY FINAL EXAM -The establishment of rape-shield laws -these laws limit or prohibit the admissibility of a victim’s sexual history in cross examination -designed to prevent trial tactic where defense suggests a sexually active women should be presumed to have consented. Rape Shield laws - VICTIMOLOGY FINAL EXAM -"Rape shield" laws are designed to protect the victims during criminal proceedings. -They prevent defendants from introducing evidence of victims' sexual behavior, history, or reputation. Measuring the extent of rape UCR - VICTIMOLOGY FINAL EXAM -UCR traditionally defined rape with the pre 1970's definition. -now defined as "penetration, no matter how slight, of the vagina or anus with any body part, or oral penetration by a sex organ of another person without the consent of the victim" -includes attempted and completed rapes Rape estimates based on UCR - VICTIMOLOGY FINAL EXAM rate per 100,000 inhabitants using revised definition- 41.2, compared to 25.1 using legacy definition Why is reporting so low? - VICTIMOLOGY FINAL EXAM -shame -fear (assailant, stigma, blame, publicity, etc.) -may have already received negative reaction from loved one Factors related to rape reporting - VICTIMOLOGY FINAL EXAM -Demographic (older, more educated, higher income more likely to report) -Assault characteristics (less likely to report if defendant is known to victim, more likely to be reported if perceived as a serious assault, some believe that if victim is drinking under age it shouldn’t be reported) -Personal issues (fear, shame less likely to report) Measuring the extent of rape NCVS - VICTIMOLOGY FINAL EXAM -measures both rape and sexual assault -rape: "The unlawful penetration of a person against the will of the victim, with use or threatened use of force, or attempting such an act. Rape includes psychological coercion and physical force, and forced sexual intercourse means vaginal, anal, or oral penetration by the offender. Rape also includes incidents where penetration is from a foreign object (e.g., a bottle), victimizations against male and female victims, and both heterosexual and homosexual rape. Attempted rape includes verbal threats of rape." NCVS sexual assault definition - VICTIMOLOGY FINAL EXAM "Sexual assault is defined across a wide range of victimizations, separate from rape or attempted rape. These crimes include attacks or attempted attacks generally involving unwanted sexual contact between a victim and offender. Sexual assault may or may not involve force and includes grabbing or fondling." NCVS findings on rape/sexual assault - VICTIMOLOGY FINAL EXAM *remember excludes children under 12 y/o -in 2002, 55% of rape/sexual assault victims reported it to police, it has rapidly decreased since, with only 23% in 2016. NCVS redesign - VICTIMOLOGY FINAL EXAM -one improvement was rewording of questions about rape and sexual assault -reports of attempted and completed rapes have doubled since rewording Types of rape - VICTIMOLOGY FINAL EXAM -marital rape -acquaintance rape -date rape