Organic Chemistry (Chem 202): Top Exam Questions & Answers, 100% Accurate. Verified.

Organic Chemistry (Chem 202): Top Exam Questions & Answers, 100% Accurate. Verified. Define crude oil.--a fossil fuel which is a mixture of hundreds ofdifferent compounds. How is crude oil formed?--Crude oil is found trapped in sedimentary rocks. 1. Millions of years ago, microscopic animals and plants fell to the bottom of the sea. Their remains then covered by mud. 2. More sediment buried the mud sediment, it started to change into rock, as temperature and pressure increased. The remains were ‘cooked’ by this process, and changed into crude oil. 3. Oil will rise as a result of pressure from below, escaping altogether if the rocks are permeable. Environmental considerations of burning fossil fuels--· One of the products of burning fossil fuels is carbon dioxide which contributes significantly to global warming. · Air pollution leading to respiratory diseases · Water and land pollution (acid rain, oil spills) What makes a good fuel?--A fuel which releases a lot of heat energy per gram, is non–polluting and is easy to transport. Define fossil fuel.--fuel formed from the remains of tiny dead sea creatures and plants over millions of years. Crude oil, coal, natural gas. What is natural gas mainly made of?--methane. Define fractional distillation.--the separation of a liquid mixture into fractions differing in boiling point (and hence chemical composition) by means of distillation, typically using a fractionating column. What fractions does fractional distillation produce?--refinery gas, gasoline, naphtha, kerosone, diesel, fuel oil residues: lubricating oils and bitumen Define petroleum.--a liquid mixture of hydrocarbons which is present in suitable rock strata and can be extracted and refined to produce fuels including petrol, paraffin, and diesel oil; oil. What is nylon used for?--fabric, cookware and machine parts What is kerosene used for?--fuel for jet aircrafts What is naphtha used for?--making chemicals, especially plastics What is diesel oil used for?--fuel for lorries and tractors What is gasoline used for?--fuel for cars What is fuel oil (heavy gas oil) used for?--fuel for power stations, ships and home heating Define cracking.--the process of breaking down certain hydrocarbons into simpler ones of lower boiling points by means of excess heat, distillation under pressure, etc., in order to give a greater yield of low– boiling products than could be obtained by simple distillation. Complete combustion--methane+oxygen=carbon dioxide+water CH4 + O2 = CO2 + H2O Incomplete combustion--methane+oxygen=carbon dioxide+water+carbon CH4 + O2 = CO2 + H2O + C Define hydrocarbon.--acompound of hydrogen and carbon, such as any of those which are the chiefcomponents of petroleum and natural gas. Define homologous series.--a series of compounds with the same general formula. What are alkanes?--any of the series of saturated hydrocarbons includingmethane, ethane, propane, and higher members. Describe bonding in alkanes--Covalent bonds. Chemical properties of alkanes.--– they do not react with acids or alkalines –they burn under special conditions with a clear blue flame when plenty of oxygen is present. Complete combustion. What are alkenes?--any of the series of unsaturated hydrocarbonscontaining a double bond, including ethylene and propene. What is the molecular formula for methane, ethene and propene.--CH4 C2H4 C3H8 How to test for saturated fats?--when shaken with bromine water, the water becomes colourless if it is with an unsaturated oil,but it stays orange–brown when shaken with a saturated fat. Why are alkenes so usefulin comparison to alkanes?--Alkenes,with a catalyst, can make several kinds of polymers (plastics) through additionreaction. Also the double bond makes it more reactive as carbon likes to makefour bonds. The more reactive it is the more you can do with it. Name the prefixes up until nine--meth– eth– pro– but– pen– hex– hept– oct– non– What are isomers?--each of two ormore compounds with the same formula but a different arrangement of atoms inthe molecule and different properties. What are structural isomers?--compounds which have the same molecular formula but have different structural formulae. Define hydrogenation--the addition of hydrogen to an unsaturated compound Equation for hydrogenation--Hydrogen+alkene= alkane catalyst is often used.