Philosophy Arguments 2023 with complete solution

Three Views of Philosophy - correct answerphilosophy as a method, philosophy as a subject matter, philosophy as an attitude Uses Rational Arguments, Conceptual Analysis, Rational Thought, Linguistic Analysis, and Logic (Type of Philo) - correct answerPhilosophy as a Method Philo Questions: 1. Have a deep and lasting interest to humans 2. Have answers but haven't been settled 3. Anwers can't be decided by science, faith or common sense Three Types of Questions Asked (Give examples): What exists/what is real? What do/can we know? What should we do? (Type of Philo) - correct answerPhilosophy as a Subject Matter State of being of intellectual independence; critically examine and reflect upon beliefs (Type of Philo) - correct answerPhilosophy as an Attitude "It is the greatest good to discuss virtue every day; the unexamined life is not worth living" (400BC) - correct answerSocrates "Sapere aude; courage to use your own reason; slogan of enlightenment" (1700s) - correct answerKant "Philosophy is to be studied because the mind is rendered great when contemplating the universe and enriches our intellectual imagination" (1900s) - correct answerRussell Main tool in philosophy; sequence of statements intended to establish or make plausible a particular claim (consists of premises and conclusion) - correct answerArgument Example of a good argument with a false conclusion - correct answerRope will bear my weight because it has a greater rating than my weight, the manufacturer is reliable, and I know how to safely climb a rope Example of a bad argument with a true conclusion - correct answerAll sentences that start with c are true Chickens lay eggs. Therefore Chickens lay eggs Two ways to criticize an argument - correct answer1. Challenge the truth of the premises 2. Show that the premises are not directly related to the conclusion Two types of arguments - correct answerDeductive and Inductive An argument in which the premises necessitate the truth of the conclusion - correct answerDeductive arguments Example of a deductive argument - correct answerAll humans are mortal Socrates is a human Therefore Socrates is mortal Truth of the premises necessitate the conclusion (ex: ?) - correct answerValid (ex: socrates is mortal argument) Truth of the premises do not necessitate the conclusion (ex: ?) - correct answerInvalid (ex: Every All-pro safety is great at football; JJ Watt is great at football; therefore, JJ Watt is an All-pro safety) A way to check validity by replacing phrases with variables - correct answerLogical Regimentation Argument that has true premises (valid) and necessitates a true conclusion (therefore needs a true conclusion) - correct answerSound Arguments that do not intend to necessitate a true conclusion but lend probability and credibility to the conclusion - correct answerInductive Argument Four Types of Inductive Arguments - correct answerInductive Generalization, Argument from Analogy, Inference to the Best Explanation, Reductio Ad Absurdum Example of Inductive Generalization - correct answerSwan A is white Swan B is white Swan C is white All the swans I have ever observed are white Therefore All swans are white When you infer a claim about a domain from observations of a representative subset - correct answerInductive Generalization How to assess inductive generalization - correct answer1. how representative is the sample 2. Accuracy and precision of your conclusion relative to the evidence Infer that a target item has a feature on the basis of its similarity to another object with that feature (object A is similar to object B with respect to X,Y,Z. Object B has feature W. Therefore, object A has feature W. - correct answerArgument from Analogy Example of Argument from Analogy - correct answerDolphins and humans have large brains Humans can plan for the future Therefore It is likely that dolphins can plan for the future How to assess an argument from analogy - correct answer1. how relevant are the similarities to the feature being inferred (brain size vs ability to plan for the future) 2. Whether relevant dissimilarities would compromise the presence of the target feature (humans can speak and count while dolphins cannot) Attempts to establish the truth of a thesis on the basis that it provides the best explanation of familiar data - correct answerInference to the Best Explanation (aka abduction) Example of Inference to the Best Explanation - correct answerThe bio world is highly complex It is highly unlikely that the bio world came about from random events It would be much less surprising if the bio world were intelligently designed Therefore The bio world had an intelligent designer How to assess an Inference to the Best Explanation - correct answerhypothesized theory must accommodate all data; should explain data simply; should lead to accurate predictions of the future can be inductive or deductive; primarily a form of refutation to prove something false; proceeds by assuming the thesis to be refuted is true but that its truth derives absurd consequences - correct answerReductio Ad Absurdum Two examples of Reductio Ad Absurdum (first is deductive and second is inductive) - correct answerSuppose a round triangle exists That implies that the angles would sum to both 180 and 360 degrees It is impossible for both of these sums to occur simultaneously Therefore, round triangles do not exist Suppose gun control were a good idea Then the government should keep track of all of our possessions that can be used as weapons Clearly it would be ridiculous for the government to have access to this info Therefore, Gun control is not a good idea How to assess Reductio Ad Absurdum - correct answer1. The absurd consequence is actually a consequence of the claim being refuted 2. The absurd consequence is actually absurd A mistaken or invalid form of reasoning; NOT a false belief - correct answerFallacy Four types of fallacies - correct answerBegging the Question, Ad Hominem, Straw Man, Arguments from Ignorance/Lack of Evidence Assuming the truth of the conclusion - correct answerBegging the Question Example of Begging the Question - correct answerTerrorism is bad because it supports further acts of terrorism To attack the person making the argument rather than the argument itself - correct answerAd Hominem Arguments Example of Ad Hominem - correct answerBob does not even know how to dress properly To misrepresent an opponent's position in order to make it easier to attack - correct answerStraw Man Argument Example of Straw Man - correct answerEvolutionary theory cannot be right because humans did not come from monkeys To claim that the lack of evidence for a thesis is evidence of its falsity; to claim that the lack of evidence against a thesis is evidence of its truth - correct answerArgument from Ignorance/Lack of Evidence Example of an argument from ignorance/lack of evidence - correct answerIf the suspect were truly guilty then someone would have spoken up or fingerprints would have been found at the scene New example of a sound argument - correct answerA: New example of Inductive Generalization - correct answerA: New example of Argument from Analogy - correct answerA: New example of Inference to the Best Explanation - correct answerA: New example of Reductio Ad Absurdum - correct answerA: New example of Begging the Question - correct answerA: New example of Ad Hominem - correct answerA: New example of Straw Man - correct answerA: New example of Argument from Ignorance/Lack of Evidence - correct answerA: