BIO 256 final exam Questions and Answers 2023

BIO 256 final exam Questions and Answers 2023 What happens when swallowing occurs? - the uvula and soft palate keep food from moving into nasopharynx - the epiglottis keeps food from moving into the respiratory tract - food is propelled into the esophagus Which gastric gland cells secrete pepsinogen? chief cells Which enzyme is important for actively breaking down protein in the stomach? pepsin T or F: FMT alters colon microbiota to resolve C. Diff and other diseases of the gut true Recent studies show that healthy gut microbiota can do all of the following except: treat atherosclerosis Which lipoprotein deposits cholesterol into blood vessels and tissues? LDL Which is not a product of glucose metabolism? a. CO2 b. H2O c. ATP d. O2 d. O2 Which process builds large molecules from smaller, less complex ones? anabolism An individual with XY chromosomal complement, but no SRY gene, will develop into a __________, and an individual with a XX chromosomal complement, but presence of SRY, will develop into a __________. female, male Spermatogenesis ___________ sperm, and spermiogenesis _________ sperm. creates, matures The first sign of puberty is appearance of _______________, and the first sign of menarche is __________. secondary sex characteristics, menstrual bleeding Which structure secretes hormone that maintains the endometrium during the first 3 months of pregnancy? corpus luteum Which structure secretes hormones that maintain the endometrium for the rest of the pregnancy? placenta What involves the physical breakdown of food you have eaten? mechanical digestion Most digestion and absorption occurs in the: small intestine Which branch of the nervous system inhibits salivation and causes you to have a dry mouth? sympathetic nervous system What provides a cite for blood cell formation? skeletal system Which phase of deglutination is controlled involuntarily? pharyngeal and esophageal What is the unit molecule of glycogen? glucose Hydrochloric acid is secreted by which of the secretory cells of the stomach? parietal cells There are 20 amino acids in proteins and they differ by their: side chain (R) When can gastric secretions be stimulated during regulation? gastric secretions can be stimulated before food enters the mouth the small intestine receives __________ from the liver and gallbladder and ________ from the pancreas bile, pancreatic juice If cells are placed in a hypotonic solution containing a solute to which the membrane is impermeable, what could happen? the cells will swell and ultimately burst one function of bile is to: emulsify fats What best describes the membrane of your cells? phospholipid bilayer embedded with cholesterols and proteins What is an exocrine product of the pancreas? amylase or trypsin Which hormone induces secretion of bicarbonate rich pancreatic juice? secretin If cells are placed in a hypertonic solution containing a solute to which the membrane is impermeable, what could happen? the cells would lose water and shrink How does gastrin affect the stomach? It causes the gastric glands to increase secretory activity, increasing HCl secretion Which is NOT a primary function of membranes? energy storage translation produces: protein CCK has what effect on the pancreas? it increases output of enzyme rich pancreatic juice What process does not require ATP? diffusion Oxygen is used as the final electron acceptor in (the) respiratory chain What is not absorbed in the large intestine? amino acids Which autonomic fiber releases norepinephrine as its neurotransmitter? postganglionic sympathetic fiber Triglycerides in foods are digested by which enzymes? lipase When an excitatory stimulus affects a resting neuron, stimulus-gated channels open, allowing the membrane to depolarize The absorption of which ion is coupled to the absorption of glucose or amino acids? Na+ The primary function of carbohydrates is to: maintain energy production within the cells the most abundant dietary lipids are routinely oxidized for energy; these include triglycerides There are 3 layers of neurons in the retina. Which cells detect bright light and are used for high acuity color vision? cone cells What is the function of the round window? It bulges to relieve pressure in the scala tympani after we detect sounds via the organ of corti. The energy cost of amino acid absorption by using Na+ contrasport is paid by pumping Na+ out of the cell by using active transport There are 3 layers of neurons in the retina. Which cells detect dim light and are used for peripheral vision? rod cells It is important to ensure that your diet is adequately rich in vitamins because: most vitamins are coenzymes needed for a normal metabolism Catabolism involves processes that break down complex structures to simpler ones The second-messenger mechanism of hormone action operates by ________. binding to specific receptors and causing changes within the cytoplasm Tropic hormones regulate the function of their endocrine glands Which is NOT a tropic hormone? aldosterone As the body progresses from the absorptive to the postabsorptive state, only the ________ continues to burn glucose while every other organ in the body mostly switches to fatty acids. brain Gonadocorticoids produced by the adrenal glands are insignificant compared with gonadal sex hormone release during late puberty Where does deamination (catabolism) of amino acids take place? liver The neurotransmitter used at a motor end plate is: acetylcholine It is thought that high levels of ______ are protective against heart attacks HDL's Which blood cells increase in number, with immature forms appearing the circulating blood, to do phagocytosis to eliminate bacterial infections? T-lymphocytes