THE IMMUNE SYSTEM, FOURTH EDITION
CHAPTER 1: ELEMENTS OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM AND THEIR ROLES IN DEFENSE
© 2015 GARLAND SCIENCE
1–1 The last cases of smallpox were reported in the _____.
a. 1950s
b. 1960s
c. 1970s
d. 1980s
e. 1990s.
1–2 The first line of defense against microorganisms that infect the body is
referred to as _____.
a. opportunistic immunity
b. innate immunity
c. adaptive immunity
d. primary immunity
e. central immunity.
1–3 Which of the following pairs is mismatched?
a. innate immunity: highly specialized defenses
b. secondary immune response: immunological memory
c. hematopoiesis: bone marrow
d. phagocytosis: uptake and killing of microbes
e. lymphocyte recirculation: continuous transport between blood and lymph.
1–4 All of the following are examples of chemical barriers of innate immunity
except _____.
a. lactic acid
b. normal microbiota
c. lysozyme
d. fatty acids
e. proteases.
1–5 When effector lymphocytes secrete _____, an inflammatory response ensues.
a. lysozyme
b. defensins
c. lymph
d. sebum
e. cytokines.
1–6 The thin layer of cells that makes up the interior lining of the blood
vessels is called the _____.
a. mucosa
b. epithelium
c. endothelium
d. connective tissue
e. lymphoid tissue.
1–7 Identify the incorrect statement regarding hematopoiesis.
a. Hematopoiesis is a continuous process that occurs throughout one’s lifetime.
b. The location for hematopoiesis differs with age.
c. Self renewal is necessary to replenish the supply of hematopoietic stem
cells.
d. Most hematopoiesis occurs in the bone marrow after birth.
e. Leukocytes, but not erythrocytes, must go through hematopoiesis in order to
develop.
,1–8 The progenitors of macrophages are _____.
a. megakaryocytes
b. dendritic cells
c. monocytes
d. neutrophils
e. erythrocytes
f. M cells.
1–9 _____ act as cellular messengers by delivering degraded pathogens to lymphoid
organs.
a. Plasma cells
b. Dendritic cells
c. Large granular lymphocytes
d. Mast cells
e. Basophils.
1–10 Another name for a large granular lymphocyte is a _____.
a. plasma cell
b. helper T cell
c. monocyte
d. natural killer cell
e. eosinophil.
1–11 Effector cells that secrete antibodies are known as _____.
a. natural killer cells
b. cytotoxic T cells
c. helper T cells
d. M cells
e. plasma cells
f. regulatory T cells.
1–12 Spherical regions in lymph nodes containing areas that are packed densely
with proliferating B cells are called _____.
a. efferent vessels
b. germinal centers
c. red pulp zones
d. periarterial lymphoid sheaths
e. medullary sinuses.
1–13 The _____ is (are) the lymphoid organ(s) that filter(s) the blood.
a. spleen
b. tonsils
c. Peyer’s patches
d. appendix
e. adenoids.
1–14 _____ cells persist long after an individual has been vaccinated.
a. Neutrophil
b. Plasma
c. Memory
d. M
e. Mast.
1–15 During an infection, _____ are mobilized in large numbers from the bone
marrow.
a. dendritic cells
b. memory cells
c. macrophages
d. neutrophils
,e. B cells.
1–16 In most cases, adaptive immune responses rely on the initial activation of
_____ in secondary lymphoid tissue:
a. macrophages
b. T cells
c. B cells
d. dendritic cells
e. epithelium.
1–17 All of the following statements are characteristic of secondary immune
responses except _____.
a. Secondary immune responses are activated when primary immune responses fail
to completely eradicate an infection.
b. Secondary immune responses are restricted to adaptive immune responses.
c. Memory cells are activated rapidly during secondary immune responses.
d. Secondary immune responses are orders of magnitude greater than primary
immune responses.
e. During a secondary immune response to a booster vaccine, it is possible to
experience a primary immune response to an unrelated vaccine component encountered
for the first time.
1–18 Identify the four classes of pathogens that provoke immune responses in our
bodies and give an example of each.
1–19 A bacterium that causes a common disease in a population that has been
previously exposed to it is called _____.
a. opportunistic
b. resistant
c. commensal
d. endemic
e. attenuated.
1–20
A. Name the parts of the body where epithelia act as barriers to infection.
B. Describe the three main ways in which epithelia carry out this barrier
function, giving details of the mechanisms employed.
1–21 An example of an antimicrobial peptide that protects epithelial surfaces from
pathogens is _____.
a. glycoprotein
b. defensin
c. proteoglycan
d. lysozyme
e. sebum.
1–22 How can antibiotics upset the barrier function of intestinal epithelia? Give
a specific example.
1–23 Describe the characteristics commonly associated with inflammation and what
causes them.
1–24 Which of the following are characteristics of innate immunity:
a. inflammation
b. improvement in recognition of the pathogen during the response
c. fast response
d. highly specific for a particular pathogen
e. cytokine production.
, 1–25 Which of the following statements regarding neutrophils is false?
a. Neutrophils are mobilized from the bone marrow to sites of infection when
needed.
b. Neutrophils are active only in aerobic conditions.
c. Neutrophils are phagocytic.
d. Neutrophils form pus, which comprises dead neutrophils.
e. Dead neutrophils are cleared from sites of infection by macrophages.
1–26 What are the main differences between innate immunity and adaptive immunity?
1–27
A. Identify the two major progenitor subsets of leukocytes.
B. Where do they originate in adults?
C. Name the white blood cells that differentiate from these two progenitor
lineages.
1–28 Primary lymphoid tissues are the sites where lymphocytes _______, whereas
secondary lymphoid tissues are the sites where lymphocytes _______.
a. are stimulated; develop and mature
b. encounter pathogens; undergo apoptosis
c. develop and mature; become stimulated
d. undergo clonal selection; differentiate from hematopoietic stem cells
e. die; are phagocytosed after death.
1–29 The spleen differs from other secondary lymphoid organs in which of the
following ways?
a. It does not contain T cells.
b. It filters blood as well as lymph.
c. It is populated by specialized cells called M cells.
d. It receives pathogens via afferent lymphatic vessels.
e. It has no connection with the lymphatics.
1–30 What are clonal selection and clonal expansion in the context of an adaptive
immune response? Describe how they shape the adaptive immune response.
1–31 What would be the consequence of a bioterrorist attack that released smallpox
virus into a city?
1–32 Examples of pathogens that cause human disease include:
a. bacteria
b. viruses
c. fungi
d. parasites (protozoans and worms).
e. All of the above are examples of pathogens that cause human disease.
1–33 Which of the following is not associated with mucosal surfaces?
a. mucus-secreting goblet cells
b. lysozyme
c. M cells
d. white pulp
e. beating cilia.
1–34 Phagocytosis of either microbes or microbial constituents by macrophages is
followed by the activation of macrophages and the secretion of cytokines. What are
the main effects of these molecules?
1–35 Identify the different anatomical locations where hematopoiesis occurs in
embryonic, fetal, and adult life.
CHAPTER 1: ELEMENTS OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM AND THEIR ROLES IN DEFENSE
© 2015 GARLAND SCIENCE
1–1 The last cases of smallpox were reported in the _____.
a. 1950s
b. 1960s
c. 1970s
d. 1980s
e. 1990s.
1–2 The first line of defense against microorganisms that infect the body is
referred to as _____.
a. opportunistic immunity
b. innate immunity
c. adaptive immunity
d. primary immunity
e. central immunity.
1–3 Which of the following pairs is mismatched?
a. innate immunity: highly specialized defenses
b. secondary immune response: immunological memory
c. hematopoiesis: bone marrow
d. phagocytosis: uptake and killing of microbes
e. lymphocyte recirculation: continuous transport between blood and lymph.
1–4 All of the following are examples of chemical barriers of innate immunity
except _____.
a. lactic acid
b. normal microbiota
c. lysozyme
d. fatty acids
e. proteases.
1–5 When effector lymphocytes secrete _____, an inflammatory response ensues.
a. lysozyme
b. defensins
c. lymph
d. sebum
e. cytokines.
1–6 The thin layer of cells that makes up the interior lining of the blood
vessels is called the _____.
a. mucosa
b. epithelium
c. endothelium
d. connective tissue
e. lymphoid tissue.
1–7 Identify the incorrect statement regarding hematopoiesis.
a. Hematopoiesis is a continuous process that occurs throughout one’s lifetime.
b. The location for hematopoiesis differs with age.
c. Self renewal is necessary to replenish the supply of hematopoietic stem
cells.
d. Most hematopoiesis occurs in the bone marrow after birth.
e. Leukocytes, but not erythrocytes, must go through hematopoiesis in order to
develop.
,1–8 The progenitors of macrophages are _____.
a. megakaryocytes
b. dendritic cells
c. monocytes
d. neutrophils
e. erythrocytes
f. M cells.
1–9 _____ act as cellular messengers by delivering degraded pathogens to lymphoid
organs.
a. Plasma cells
b. Dendritic cells
c. Large granular lymphocytes
d. Mast cells
e. Basophils.
1–10 Another name for a large granular lymphocyte is a _____.
a. plasma cell
b. helper T cell
c. monocyte
d. natural killer cell
e. eosinophil.
1–11 Effector cells that secrete antibodies are known as _____.
a. natural killer cells
b. cytotoxic T cells
c. helper T cells
d. M cells
e. plasma cells
f. regulatory T cells.
1–12 Spherical regions in lymph nodes containing areas that are packed densely
with proliferating B cells are called _____.
a. efferent vessels
b. germinal centers
c. red pulp zones
d. periarterial lymphoid sheaths
e. medullary sinuses.
1–13 The _____ is (are) the lymphoid organ(s) that filter(s) the blood.
a. spleen
b. tonsils
c. Peyer’s patches
d. appendix
e. adenoids.
1–14 _____ cells persist long after an individual has been vaccinated.
a. Neutrophil
b. Plasma
c. Memory
d. M
e. Mast.
1–15 During an infection, _____ are mobilized in large numbers from the bone
marrow.
a. dendritic cells
b. memory cells
c. macrophages
d. neutrophils
,e. B cells.
1–16 In most cases, adaptive immune responses rely on the initial activation of
_____ in secondary lymphoid tissue:
a. macrophages
b. T cells
c. B cells
d. dendritic cells
e. epithelium.
1–17 All of the following statements are characteristic of secondary immune
responses except _____.
a. Secondary immune responses are activated when primary immune responses fail
to completely eradicate an infection.
b. Secondary immune responses are restricted to adaptive immune responses.
c. Memory cells are activated rapidly during secondary immune responses.
d. Secondary immune responses are orders of magnitude greater than primary
immune responses.
e. During a secondary immune response to a booster vaccine, it is possible to
experience a primary immune response to an unrelated vaccine component encountered
for the first time.
1–18 Identify the four classes of pathogens that provoke immune responses in our
bodies and give an example of each.
1–19 A bacterium that causes a common disease in a population that has been
previously exposed to it is called _____.
a. opportunistic
b. resistant
c. commensal
d. endemic
e. attenuated.
1–20
A. Name the parts of the body where epithelia act as barriers to infection.
B. Describe the three main ways in which epithelia carry out this barrier
function, giving details of the mechanisms employed.
1–21 An example of an antimicrobial peptide that protects epithelial surfaces from
pathogens is _____.
a. glycoprotein
b. defensin
c. proteoglycan
d. lysozyme
e. sebum.
1–22 How can antibiotics upset the barrier function of intestinal epithelia? Give
a specific example.
1–23 Describe the characteristics commonly associated with inflammation and what
causes them.
1–24 Which of the following are characteristics of innate immunity:
a. inflammation
b. improvement in recognition of the pathogen during the response
c. fast response
d. highly specific for a particular pathogen
e. cytokine production.
, 1–25 Which of the following statements regarding neutrophils is false?
a. Neutrophils are mobilized from the bone marrow to sites of infection when
needed.
b. Neutrophils are active only in aerobic conditions.
c. Neutrophils are phagocytic.
d. Neutrophils form pus, which comprises dead neutrophils.
e. Dead neutrophils are cleared from sites of infection by macrophages.
1–26 What are the main differences between innate immunity and adaptive immunity?
1–27
A. Identify the two major progenitor subsets of leukocytes.
B. Where do they originate in adults?
C. Name the white blood cells that differentiate from these two progenitor
lineages.
1–28 Primary lymphoid tissues are the sites where lymphocytes _______, whereas
secondary lymphoid tissues are the sites where lymphocytes _______.
a. are stimulated; develop and mature
b. encounter pathogens; undergo apoptosis
c. develop and mature; become stimulated
d. undergo clonal selection; differentiate from hematopoietic stem cells
e. die; are phagocytosed after death.
1–29 The spleen differs from other secondary lymphoid organs in which of the
following ways?
a. It does not contain T cells.
b. It filters blood as well as lymph.
c. It is populated by specialized cells called M cells.
d. It receives pathogens via afferent lymphatic vessels.
e. It has no connection with the lymphatics.
1–30 What are clonal selection and clonal expansion in the context of an adaptive
immune response? Describe how they shape the adaptive immune response.
1–31 What would be the consequence of a bioterrorist attack that released smallpox
virus into a city?
1–32 Examples of pathogens that cause human disease include:
a. bacteria
b. viruses
c. fungi
d. parasites (protozoans and worms).
e. All of the above are examples of pathogens that cause human disease.
1–33 Which of the following is not associated with mucosal surfaces?
a. mucus-secreting goblet cells
b. lysozyme
c. M cells
d. white pulp
e. beating cilia.
1–34 Phagocytosis of either microbes or microbial constituents by macrophages is
followed by the activation of macrophages and the secretion of cytokines. What are
the main effects of these molecules?
1–35 Identify the different anatomical locations where hematopoiesis occurs in
embryonic, fetal, and adult life.
