PGY 300 GI exam Practice Questions and Answers 2023

PGY 300 GI exam Practice Questions and Answers 2023 The pylorus is_______________. A. a sphincter that separates stomach from small intestine B. a sphincter that separates stomach from esophagus C. a sphincter that separates small intestine from large intestine D. a compartment of the large intestine E. a skeletal muscle A The epithelial cells that are associated with Peyers's patches are __________. A. enterocytes B. M-cells C. GI-smooth muscle cells D. skeletal muscle cells E. interstitial cells of Cajal B The muscularis externa in the small intestine consists of ___________. A. a complete layer of circular muscles B. a complete layer of longitudinal muscles C. a layer of oblique muscles D. A and B E. A, B and C D In the large intestine, the surface area of the GI tract wall is increased through which of the following structures? A. Plica B. Villi C. Rugae D. A and B E. Surface area in large intestine is not increased through foldings of the GI tract wall. E Name the correct order of the segments of the large intestine through which food moves during regular digestion starting with the compartment closest to the small intestine. A. sigmoid colon, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, cecum B. ileum, cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon C. cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon D. cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum E. cecum, descending colon, transverse colon, ascending colon, sigmoid colon C Which of the functional compartments of the GI tract contains ciliated epithelia? A. Oral cavity B. Esophagus C. Small intestine D. Rectum E. Ciliated epithelia are not present in the GI tract E Gap junctions are cellular structures that are formed by __________. A. claudin and occluding proteins B. connexin proteins C. plaque glycoproteins and claudin proteins D. plaque glycoproteins and cadherin proteins E. cadherin and occluding proteins B The function of desmosomes is to________ . A. transport substances from the GI lumen to the interstitial side B. connect cells tightly so that nothing can pass between neighboring cells C. connect cells tightly to prevent movement of transmembrane proteins from the apical to the basolateral side of cells D. connect cells strongly so that the epithelial layer is not torn by mechanical stress E. allow electrotonic conduction between GI smooth muscle cells D The lamina propria is part of which layer of the GI tract wall? A. Mucosa B. Submucosa C. Muscularis externa D. Serosa E. The lamina propria is not a part of the GI tract wall. A Which of the following motility processes occurs during the oral phase of the oropharyngeal stage of GI motility in the oral cavity? A. Segmentation B. Peristalsis C. Mastication D. Deglutition E. Defecation C Intestinal bacteria are normally present in the large intestine. When waste material enters from the small into the large intestine some of the bacteria can be transferred into the small intestine. If these are not removed regularly, a disorder develops that is called Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth (SIBO). SIBO is a condition that is defined as the presence of excessive bacteria in the small intestine. However, under normal circumstances, bacteria that have reached the small intestine during the processing of a meal are removed by _____ that occurs ________. A. mass movement, during the processing of a meal B. migrating motor complex, between meals C. migrating motor complex, during the processing of a meal D. defecation, during the processing of a meal E. segmentation, between meals B Which of the following statements about GI smooth muscle contraction is correct? A. GI smooth muscles are under voluntary control. B. The depolarization of the resting membrane potential that occurs during a slow wave is enough to elicit the firing of an action potential that then results in a contraction. C. The firing of multiple action potentials during an event leads to a stronger and longer contraction. D. The firing of multiple action potentials during an event leads to more frequent contractions. E. GI smooth muscle contraction is initiated by calcium ions leaving the cell. C Mixing of food with digestive substances in the small intestine is achieved through_______. A. peristalsis B. mastication C. gastric waves D. segmentation E. mass movement D Which of the following is NOT a function of saliva secretions? A. Digestion of Carbohydrates B. Moistening of food C. Digestion of lipids D. Neutralization of acids E. Digestion of proteins E Which part of an enterocyte faces the lumen of the GI tract? A. basal side B. lateral side C. baso-lateral side D. apical side E. interstitial side D Which of the following enzymes is NOT secreted by pancreas? A. Pepsinogen B. Trypsinogen C. Amylase D. Co-lipase E. Proelastase A Bile components that are recycled from absorbed lipid components reach the liver through the _________. A. hepatic portal vein B. hepatic portal artery C. hepatic artery D. hepatic vain E. bile duct A The arrival of feces in the rectum that is detected by pressure receptors in the rectum wall initiates_____________. A. a short reflex to the cephalic brain that leads to the "urge to defecate" B. a short reflex to the internal anal sphincter to open C. a short reflex to the external anal sphincter to open D. a long reflex to the internal anal sphincter to open E. a long reflex to the external anal sphincter to open B The arrival of a bolus in the stomach that is detected by mechanoreceptors located in the stomach wall would elicit what response? A. Peristaltic contractions in the fundus B. Peristaltic contractions in the body C. Relaxation of the pylorus D. Contraction of the gall bladder E. Relaxation of the sphincter of oddi B Which of the following components of the digestive system does NOT secrete digestive enzymes? A. salivary glands B. pancreas C. gastric glands D. liver E. all of the above secrete digestive enzymes D Which of the following statements about the regulation of the digestive system is correct? A. Forward peristalsis in the esophagus is controlled by the central nervous system through the vagus nerve. B. Forward peristalsis in the esophagus is controlled by the central nervous system through the pelvic nerve. C. Forward peristalsis in the esophagus is controlled by the myenteric plexus. D. Forward peristalsis in the esophagus is controlled by the submucosal plexus. E. None of the above. C The "alkaline tide" that is observed in the blood after the ingestion of a meal is caused by____________. A. release of H+ on the basolateral side of parietal cells into the interstitial fluid in exchange for HCO3- B. release of Cl- on the basolateral side of parietal cells into the interstitial fluid in exchange for HCO3- C. release of HCO3- on the apical side of parietal cells into the interstitial fluid in exchange for Cl- D. release of Cl- on the apical side of parietal cells into the interstitial fluid in exchange for HCO3- E. release of HCO3- on the basolateral side of parietal cells into the interstitial fluid in exchange for Cl- E Chief cells secrete _____________. A. gastric lipase and pepsinogen B. gastric acid and intrinsic factor C. pepsinogen and intrinsic factor D. pepsinogen and gastric acid E. mucus and bicarbonate A The proenzyme (zymogen) Pepsinogen is activated by _____________. A. cleavage of the inhibitory peptide by intrinisc factor B. cleavage of the inhibitory peptide by trypsin C. cleavage of the inhibitory peptide by itself D. cleavage of the inhibitory peptide by an enteropetidase in the brush boarder E. cleavage of the inhibitory peptide by colipase C Which of the following statements about carbohydrate digestion is correct? A. The enzyme Maltose digests the disaccharide Maltase into 1 glucose and 1 fructose molecule. B. The enzyme Maltose digests the disaccharide Maltase into 1 glucose and 1 galactose molecule. C. The enzyme Maltose digests the disaccharide Maltase into 2 glucose molecules. D. The enzyme Maltose digests the disaccharide Maltase into 2 fructose molecules. E. The enzyme Maltose digests the disaccharide Maltase into 2 galactose molecules. C In the small intestine, secondary active transport of glucose is achieved through ________ . A. Na+/H+ exchange pump B. secretion of chloride C. Na+/K+ exchange pump D. Na+/K+ co-transporter E. paracellular Na+ diffusion D Which of the following components are NOT required for fat digestion? A. bile salts B. lipase C. colipase D. formation of micelles E. formation of chylomicrons E Fat soluble vitamin A is absorbed in the__________. A. esophagus B. stomach C. duodenum D. ileum E. large intestine C The gastric phase of digestion starts __________. A. with the thought/sight/smell of food that initiates stomach motility and secretions B. with ingestion of foods into the oral cavity that initiates stomach motility and secretions C. with the arrival of food in the esophagus D. with the arrival of food in the small intestine E. with the arrival of food in the stomach E In gastric glands, histamine binds to ______ in order to stimulate release of _______. A. G cells, gastrin B. parietal cells, HCl C. D cells, somatostatin D. G cells, HCl E. D cells, pepsinogen B Which of the following statements about the presence of fat in a meal is/are correct? A. The detection of fat in the duodenum leads to release of CCK that causes relaxation of the sphincter of oddi. B. The detection of fat in the duodenum leads to release of CCK that causes contraction of the gall bladder. C. The detection of fat in the duodenum causes inhibition of stomach motility. D. A and B E. A, B, and C E Which of the following is not a feature of the enteric nervous system? A. Medulla center B. Intrinsic neurons C. Diffusion barrier D. Neurotransmitters E. Glial support cells A Which of the following Carbohydrates cannot be digested by enzymes that are secreted by the cells of our body ? A. Glycogen B. Cellulose C. Galactose D. Sucrose E. Fructose B 1. Absorption does NOT occur in which of the following functional compartments of the GI tract? A. esophagus B. duodenum C. jejunum D. ileum E. large intestine A 2. In which of the following functional compartments of the GI tract is chyme produced? A. oral cavity B. esophagus C. stomach D. small intestine E. large intestine C 3. Which of the following sphincters separates the small intestine from the stomach? A. lower esophageal sphincter B. pyloric valve C. sphincter of oddi D. ileocecal valve E. internal anal sphincter B 4. The muscularis externa in the large intestine consists of _______ . A. a complete layer of circular muscles B. a complete layer of longitudinal muscles C. a layer of oblique muscles D. A and B E. A, B, and C A 5. Desmosomes are cellular structures that are found in _____ and are formed by _____. A. transporting epithelia; claudin and occludin proteins B. GI smooth muscle structures; connexin proteins C. protective epithelia; claudin and occludin proteins D. transporting epithelia; cadherin proteins and plaque glycoproteins E. protective epithelia; cadherin proteins and plaque glycoproteins E 6. In which of the following functional compartments of the GI tract is Motility facilitated by skeletal muscles? A. pharynx B. lower third of esophagus C. lower esophageal sphincter D. stomach E. descending colon A 7. The appendix is a blind extension that is attached to which of the following functional compartments of the GI tract? A. jejunum B. ileocecal valve C. cecum D. ascending colon E. rectum C